# <a name="TWiki Templates"></a> TWiki Templates

_Definition of the templates used to render all HTML pages displayed in TWiki_

<div>
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#TWiki Templates"> TWiki Templates</a><ul>
        <li><a href="#Overview"> Overview</a></li>
        <li><a href="#Master Templates"> Master Templates</a><ul>
            <li><a href="#How Template Directives Work"> How Template Directives Work</a></li>
            <li><a href="#Finding Templates"> Finding Templates</a></li>
            <li><a href="#TMPL:INCLUDE recursion for piece"> TMPL:INCLUDE recursion for piecewise customisation, or mixing in new features</a></li>
            <li><a href="#Default master template"> Default master template</a></li>
          </ul>
        </li>
        <li><a href="#Template Topics"> Template Topics</a><ul>
            <li><a href="#Variable Expansion"> Variable Expansion</a><ul>
                <li><a href="#1. Default variable expansion"> 1. Default variable expansion</a></li>
                <li><a href="#2. Preventing variable expansion"> 2. Preventing variable expansion</a></li>
                <li><a href="#3. Control over variable expansi"> 3. Control over variable expansion</a></li>
              </ul>
            </li>
            <li><a href="#Specifying a Form"> Specifying a Form</a></li>
            <li><a href="#Automatically Generated Topic Na"> Automatically Generated Topic Names</a></li>
            <li><a href="#Template Topics in Action"> Template Topics in Action</a></li>
            <li><a href="#Using Absolute vs Relative URLs"> Using Absolute vs Relative URLs in Templates</a></li>
          </ul>
        </li>
      </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>
</div>

## <a name="Overview"></a> Overview

_Templates_ are plain text with embedded _template directives_ that tell TWiki how to compose blocks of text together, to create something new.

There are two types of template:

- **Master Templates**: Define the HTML used to display TWiki pages.
- **Template Topics**: Define default text when you create a new topic

**_%T% Tip:_** TWiki:TWiki.TWikiTemplatesSupplement on TWiki.org has supplemental documentation on TWiki templates.

<a name="HtmlTemplates"></a>

## <a name="Master Templates"></a> Master Templates

TWiki uses master templates when composing the output from all actions, like topic view, edit, and preview. This allows you to change the look and feel of all pages by editing just a few template files.

Master templates are also used in the definition of [[TWikiSkins]].

Master templates are stored as text files with the extension `.tmpl`. They are usually HTML with embedded _template directives_. The directives are expanded when TWiki wants to generate a user interface screen.

<a name="TemplateVariables"></a>

### <a name="How Template Directives Work"></a> How Template Directives Work

- Directives are of the form <code>**%TMPL:&lt;key&gt;%**</code> and <code>**%TMPL:&lt;key&gt;\{"attr"\}%**</code>.
- Directives:
  - <code>**%TMPL:INCLUDE\{"file"\}%**</code>: Includes a template file. The file is found as described [[below|Main/WebHome#FindingTemplates]].
  - <code>**%TMPL:DEF\{"block"\}%**</code>: Define a block. **All** text between this and the next `%TMPL:END%` directive is removed and saved for later use with `%TMPL:P`.
  - <code>**%TMPL:END%**</code>: Ends a block definition.
  - <code>**%TMPL:P\{"var"\}%**</code>: Includes a previously defined block.
  - <code>**%\{...\}%**</code>: is a comment.
- Two-pass processing lets you use a variable before or after declaring it.
- Templates and [[TWikiSkins]] work transparently and interchangeably. For example, you can create a skin that overloads only the `twiki.tmpl` master template, like `twiki.print.tmpl`, that redefines the header and footer.
- %H% Use of template directives is optional: templates work without them.
- %X% **NOTE:** Template directives work only for templates: they do not get processed in normal topic text.

TMPL:P also supports simple parameters. For example, given the definition `%TMPL:DEF{"x"}% x%P%z%TMPL:END%` then `%TMPL:P{"x" P="y"}%` will expand to `xyz`.

Note that parameters can simply be ignored; for example, `%TMPL:P{"x"}%` will expand to x%P%z.

Any alphanumeric characters can be used in parameter names. You are highly recommended to use parameter names that cannot be confused with [[TWikiVariables]].

Note that three parameter names, `context`, `then` and `else` are **reserved**. They are used to support a limited form of "if" condition that you can use to select which of two templates to use, based on a _context identifier_:

    %TMPL:DEF{"link_inactive"}%<input type="button" disabled value="Link>%TMPL:END%
    %TMPL:DEF{"link_active"}%<input type="button" onclick="link()" value="Link" />%TMPL:END%
    %TMPL:P{context="inactive" then="inactive_link" else="active_link"}% for %CONTEXT%

When the "inactive" context is set, then this will expand the "link\_inactive" template; otherwise it will expand the "link\_active" template. See [[IfStatements]] for details of supported context identifiers.

### <a name="Finding Templates"></a> Finding Templates

The master templates shipped with a twiki release are stored in the twiki/templates directory. As an example, <code>**twiki/templates/view.tmpl**</code> is the default template file for the <code>**twiki/bin/view**</code> script.

You can save templates in other directories as long as they are listed in the `{TemplatePath}` configuration setting. The `{TemplatePath}` is defined in the Miscellaneous section of the [configure](http://www.dementia.org/twiki/configure) page.

You can also save templates in user topics (_IF_ there is no possible template match in the `templates` directory). The `{TemplatePath}` configuration setting defines which topics will be accepted as templates.

Templates that are included with an explicit `'.tmpl'` extension are looked for only in the `templates/` directory. For instance `%TMPL:INCLUDE{"example.tmpl"}%` will only return `templates/example.tmpl`, regardless of `{TemplatePath}` and SKIN settings.

The out-of-the-box setting of `{TemplatePath}` supports the following search order to determine which template file or topic to use for a particular script or `%TMPL:INCLUDE{"script"}%` statement. The _skin path_ is set as described in [[TWikiSkins]].

1. templates/%RED%web%ENDCOLOR%/%RED%script%ENDCOLOR%.%RED%skin%ENDCOLOR%.tmpl for each %RED%skin%ENDCOLOR% on the skin path
  - %X% this usage is supported **for compatibility only** and is **deprecated**. Store web-specific templates in TWiki topics instead.
2. templates/%RED%script%ENDCOLOR%.%RED%skin%ENDCOLOR%.tmpl for each %RED%skin%ENDCOLOR% on the skin path
3. templates/%RED%web%ENDCOLOR%/%RED%script%ENDCOLOR%.tmpl
  - %X% this usage is supported **for compatibility only** and is **deprecated**. Store web-specific templates in TWiki topics instead.
4. templates/%RED%script%ENDCOLOR%.tmpl
5. The TWiki topic aweb.atopic if the template name can be parsed into aweb.atopic
6. The TWiki topic %RED%web%ENDCOLOR%.%RED%Skin%ENDCOLOR%Skin%RED%Script%ENDCOLOR%Template for each %RED%skin%ENDCOLOR% on the skin path
7. The TWiki topic %RED%web%ENDCOLOR%.%RED%Script%ENDCOLOR%Template
8. The TWiki topic %SYSTEMWEB%.%RED%Skin%ENDCOLOR%Skin%RED%Script%ENDCOLOR%Template for each %RED%skin%ENDCOLOR% on the skin path
9. The TWiki topic %SYSTEMWEB%.%RED%Script%ENDCOLOR%Template

**Legend:**

- %RED%script%ENDCOLOR% refers to the script name, e.g `view`, `edit`
- %RED%Script%ENDCOLOR% refers to the same, but with the first character capitalized, e.g `View`
- %RED%skin%ENDCOLOR% refers to a skin name, e.g `dragon`, `pattern`. All skins are checked at each stage, in the order they appear in the skin path.
- %RED%Skin%ENDCOLOR% refers to the same, but with the first character capitalized, e.g `Dragon`
- %RED%web%ENDCOLOR% refers to the current web

For example, the `example` template file will be searched for in the following places, when the current web is `Thisweb` and the skin path is `print,pattern`:

1. `templates/Thisweb/example.print.tmpl` _deprecated; don't rely on it_
2. `templates/Thisweb/example.pattern.tmpl` _deprecated; don't rely on it_
3. `templates/example.print.tmpl`
4. `templates/example.pattern.tmpl`
5. `templates/Thisweb/example.tmpl` _deprecated; don't rely on it_
6. `templates/example.tmpl`
7. `Thisweb.PrintSkinExampleTemplate`
8. `Thisweb.PatternSkinExampleTemplate`
9. `Thisweb.ExampleTemplate`
10. `%SYSTEMWEB%.PrintSkinExampleTemplate`
11. `%SYSTEMWEB%.PatternSkinExampleTemplate`
12. `%SYSTEMWEB%.ExampleTemplate`

Template names are usually derived from the name of the currently executing script; however it is also possible to override these settings in the `view` and `edit` scripts, for example when a topic-specific template is required. Two preference variables can be used to override the templates used:

- `VIEW_TEMPLATE` sets the template to be used for viewing a topic
- `EDIT_TEMPLATE` sets the template for editing a topic.

If these preferences are set locally (using _Local_ instead of _Set_) for a topic, in [[WebPreferences]], in [[Main.TWikiPreferences|Main/TWikiPreferences]], or [[%SYSTEMWEB%.TWikiPreferences|SYSTEMWEB/TWikiPreferences]] (using _Set_), the indicated templates will be chosen for `view` and `edit` respectively. The template search order is as specified above.

### <a name="TMPL:INCLUDE recursion for piece"></a> TMPL:INCLUDE recursion for piecewise customisation, or mixing in new features

If there is recursion in the TMPL:INCLUDE chain (eg twiki.classic.tmpl contains `%TMPL:INCLUDE{"twiki"}%`, the templating system will include the next twiki.SKIN in the skin path. For example, to create a customisation of pattern skin, where you _only_ want to over-ride the breadcrumbs for the view script, you can create only a view.yourlocal.tmpl:

    %TMPL:INCLUDE{"view"}%
    %TMPL:DEF{"breadcrumb"}% We don't want any crumbs %TMPL:END%

and then set SKIN=yourlocal,pattern

The default `{TemplatePath}` will not give you the desired result if you put these statements in the topic `Thisweb.YourlocalSkinViewTemplate`. The default `{TemplatePath}` will resolve the request to the `template/view.pattern.tmpl`, before it gets to the `Thisweb.YourlocalSkinViewTemplate` resolution. You can make it work by prefixing the `{TemplatePath}` with: `$web.YourlocalSkin$nameTemplate`.

### <a name="Default master template"></a> Default master template

<code>**twiki.tmpl**</code> is the default master template. It defines the following sections.

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
  <tr>
    <th bgcolor="#99CCCC"><strong> Template variable: </strong></th>
    <th bgcolor="#99CCCC"><strong> Defines: </strong></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%TMPL:DEF{"sep"}%</code></td>
    <td> "|" separator </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%TMPL:DEF{"htmldoctype"}%</code></td>
    <td> Start of all HTML pages </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%TMPL:DEF{"standardheader"}%</code></td>
    <td> Standard header (ex: view, index, search) </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%TMPL:DEF{"simpleheader"}%</code></td>
    <td> Simple header with reduced links (ex: edit, attach, oops) </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%TMPL:DEF{"standardfooter"}%</code></td>
    <td> Footer, excluding revision and copyright parts </td>
  </tr>
</table>

<a name="TemplateTopics"></a>

## <a name="Template Topics"></a> Template Topics

The second type of template in TWiki are template topics. Template topics define the default text for new topics. There are four types of template topic:

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
  <tr>
    <th bgcolor="#99CCCC"><strong> Topic Name: </strong></th>
    <th bgcolor="#99CCCC"><strong> What it is: </strong></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>[[Main/WebTopicViewTemplate]]</td>
    <td> Alert page shown when you try to view a nonexistent topic. This page is usually used as a prompt to help you create a new topic. </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>[[Main/WebTopicNonWikiTemplate]]</td>
    <td> Alert page shown when you try to view a nonexistent topic with a non-WikiName. Again, this page is used as a prompt to help you create the new topic. </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>[[Main/WebTopicEditTemplate]]</td>
    <td> Default text used in a new topic. </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td> &lt;MyCustomNamed&gt;Template </td>
    <td> Whenever you create a topic ending in the word "Template", it is automatically added to the list of available templates in the "Use Template" drop down field on the WebCreateNewTopic page. </td>
  </tr>
</table>

When you create a new topic using the `edit` script, TWiki locates a topic to use as a content template according to the following search order:

1. A topic name specified by the `templatetopic` CGI parameter
  - if no web is specified, the current web is searched first and then the %SYSTEMWEB% web
2. WebTopicEditTemplate in the current web
3. WebTopicEditTemplate in the %SYSTEMWEB% web

<a name="TemplateTopicsVars"></a>

### <a name="Variable Expansion"></a> Variable Expansion

[[TWikiVariables]] located in template topics get expanded as follows when a new topic is created.

<a name="DefaultVariableExpansion"></a>

#### <a name="1. Default variable expansion"></a> 1. Default variable expansion

The following variables used in a template topic automatically get expanded when new topic is created based on it:

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
  <tr>
    <th bgcolor="#99CCCC"><strong> Variable: </strong></th>
    <th bgcolor="#99CCCC"><strong> Description: </strong></th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%DATE%</code></td>
    <td> Signature format date. See [[Main/VarDATE]]</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%GMTIME%</code></td>
    <td> Date/time. See [[Main/VarGMTIME]]</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%GMTIME{...}%</code></td>
    <td> Formatted date/time. See [[Main/VarGMTIME2]]</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%NOP%</code></td>
    <td> A no-operation variable that gets removed. Useful to prevent a SEARCH from hitting an edit template topic; also useful to escape a variable, such as <code>%URLPA%NOP%RAM{...}%</code> escaping URLPARAM </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%STARTSECTION{type="templateonly"}%%BR%...%BR%%ENDSECTION{type="templateonly"}%</code></td>
    <td> Text that gets removed when a new topic based on the template is created. See notes below. </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%SERVERTIME%</code></td>
    <td> Date/time. See [[Main/VarSERVERTIME]]</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%SERVERTIME{...}%</code></td>
    <td> Formatted date/time. See [[Main/VarSERVERTIME2]]</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%USERNAME%</code></td>
    <td> Login name of user who is instantiating the new topic, e.g. admin </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%URLPARAM{"name"}%</code></td>
    <td> Value of a named URL parameter. See [[Main/VarURLPARAM]]. </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%WIKINAME%</code></td>
    <td>[[Main/WikiName]] of user who is instantiating the new topic, e.g. admin </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td><code>%WIKIUSERNAME%</code></td>
    <td> User name of user who is instantiating the new tpoic, e.g. Main.admin </td>
  </tr>
</table>

<a name="PreventingVariableExpansion"></a>

#### <a name="2. Preventing variable expansion"></a> 2. Preventing variable expansion

In a template topic, embed text that you _do not_ want expanded inside a `%STARTSECTION{type="templateonly"}% ... %ENDSECTION{type="templateonly"}%` section. For example, you might want to write this in the template topic:

    %STARTSECTION{type="templateonly"}%
    This template can only be changed by:
       * Set ALLOWTOPICCHANGE = %USERSWEB%.TWikiAdminGroup
    %ENDSECTION{type="templateonly"}%

This will restrict who can edit the template topic, but will be removed when a new topic based on that template topic is created.

`%NOP%` can be used to prevent expansion of TWiki variables that would otherwise be expanded during topic creation. For example, escape `%SERVERTIME%` with `%SER%NOP%VERTIME%`.

<a name="ControlOverVariableExpansion"></a>

#### <a name="3. Control over variable expansi"></a> 3. Control over variable expansion

You can forcefully expand [[TWikiVariables]] by placing them inside a `type="expandvariables"` section in the template topic, such as:

    %STARTSECTION{ type="expandvariables" }% ... %ENDSECTION{ type="expandvariables" }%

Example:

If you have the following content in a template topic:

    %STARTSECTION{ type="expandvariables" }%
       * %TWIKIWEB%.ATasteOfTWiki - view a short introductory presentation on TWiki for beginners
       * %TWIKIWEB%.WelcomeGuest - starting points on TWiki
       * %TWIKIWEB%.TWikiUsersGuide - complete TWiki documentation
       * Sandbox.%HOMETOPIC% - try out TWiki on your own
       * Sandbox.%TOPIC%Sandbox - just for me
    %ENDSECTION{ type="expandvariables" }%

you will get this raw text in new topics based on that template topic:

       * TWiki.ATasteOfTWiki - view a short introductory presentation on TWiki for beginners
       * TWiki.WelcomeGuest - starting points on TWiki
       * TWiki.TWikiUsersGuide - complete TWiki documentation
       * Sandbox.WebHome - try out TWiki on your own
       * Sandbox.JimmyNeutronSandbox - just for me

<a name="SpecifyingForm"></a>

### <a name="Specifying a Form"></a> Specifying a Form

When you create a new topic based on a template, you often want the new topic to have a form attached to it. You can attach a form to the template topic, in which case it will be copied into the new topic.

Sometimes this isn't quite what you want, as it copies all the existing data from the template topic into the new topic. To avoid this and use the default values specified in the form definition instead, you can use the `formtemplate` CGI parameter to the `edit` script to specify the name of a form to attach.

See [[TWikiScripts]] for information about all the other parameters to `edit`.

<a name="AutomaticallyGeneratedTopicname"></a>

### <a name="Automatically Generated Topic Na"></a> Automatically Generated Topic Names

For TWiki applications it is useful to be able to automatically generate unique topicnames, such as BugID0001, BugID0002, etc. You can add `AUTOINC<n>` to the topic name in the edit and save scripts, and it will be replaced with an auto-incremented number on topic save. `<n>` is a number starting from 0, and may include leading zeros. Leading zeros are used to zero-pad numbers so that auto-incremented topic names can sort properly. Deleted topics are not re-used to ensure uniqueness of topic names. That is, the auto-incremented number is always higher than the existing ones, even if there are gaps in the number sequence.

**Examples:**

- `BugAUTOINC0` - creates topic names `Bug0`, `Bug1`, `Bug2`, ... (does not sort properly)
- `ItemAUTOINC0000` - creates topic names `Item0000`, `Item0001`, `Item0002`, ... (sorts properly up to 9999)
- `DocIDAUTOINC10001` - start with `DocID10001`, `DocID10002`, ... (sorts properly up to 99999; auto-links)

Example link to create a new topic:%BR%

    [[%SCRIPTURLPATH{edit}%/%WEB%/BugIDAUTOINC00001?templatetopic=BugTemplate;topicparent=%TOPIC%;t=%SERVERTIME{"$day$hour$min$sec"}%][Create new item]]

### <a name="Template Topics in Action"></a> Template Topics in Action

Here is an example for creating new topics (in the Sandbox web) based on a specific template topic and form:

<form action="http://www.dementia.org/twiki/edit/Sandbox/" name="new">
  <ul>
    <li> New example topic: <input name="topic" size="30" type="text" value="ExampleTopicAUTOINC0001" /> <input type="submit" value="Create" /> <input name="templatetopic" type="hidden" value="ExampleTopicTemplate" /> <input name="topicparent" type="hidden" value="%TOPIC%" /> <input name="onlywikiname" type="hidden" value="on" /> <input name="onlynewtopic" type="hidden" value="on" /></li>
  </ul>
</form>

The above form asks for a topic name. A hidden input tag named <code>**templatetopic**</code> specifies [[ExampleTopicTemplate]] as the template topic to use. Here is the HTML source of the form:

    <form name="new" action="%SCRIPTURLPATH{edit}%/Sandbox/">
       * New example topic:
         <input type="text" name="topic" value="ExampleTopicAUTOINC0001" size="30" />
         <input type="hidden" name="templatetopic" value="ExampleTopicTemplate" />
         <input type="hidden" name="topicparent" value="%TOPIC%" />
         <input type="hidden" name="onlywikiname" value="on" />
         <input type="hidden" name="onlynewtopic" value="on" />
         <input type="submit"  value="Create" />
    </form>

See [[TWikiScripts#edit]] for details of the parameters that the `edit` script understands.

%T% **TIP:** You can use the `%WIKIUSERNAME%` and `%DATE%` variables in your topic templates to include the signature of the person creating a new topic. The variables are expanded into fixed text when a new topic is created. The standard signature is: <br /><code>**-- %WIKIUSERNAME% - %DATE%**</code>

### <a name="Using Absolute vs Relative URLs"></a><a name="Using Absolute vs Relative URLs "></a> Using Absolute vs Relative URLs in Templates

When you use [[TWikiVariables]] such as %PUBURL% and %PUBURLPATH% in templates you should be aware that using %PUBURL% instead of %PUBURLPATH% puts absolute URLs in the produced HTML. This means that when a user saves a TWiki page in HTML and emails the file to someone outside a company firewall, the receiver has a severe problem viewing it. It is therefore recommended always to use the %PUBURLPATH% to refer to images, CSS, Javascript files etc so links become relative. This way browsers just give up right away and show a usable html file.

**_Related Topics:_** [[TWikiSkins]], [[DeveloperDocumentationCategory]], [[AdminDocumentationCategory]]

-- **_Contributors:_** TWiki:Main.PeterThoeny, TWiki:Main.MikeMannix, TWiki:Main.DavidLeBlanc, TWiki:Main.CrawfordCurrie, TWiki:Main.SopanShewale