1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
3 <title>Installing the First AFS Machine</title>
6 <primary>file server machine</primary>
8 <seealso>first AFS machine</seealso>
10 <seealso>file server machine, additional</seealso>
14 <primary>instructions</primary>
16 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
20 <primary>installing</primary>
22 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
25 <para>This chapter describes how to install the first AFS machine in your cell, configuring it as both a file server machine and a
26 client machine. After completing all procedures in this chapter, you can remove the client functionality if you wish, as described
27 in <link linkend="HDRWQ98">Removing Client Functionality</link>.</para>
29 <para>To install additional file server machines after completing this chapter, see <link linkend="HDRWQ99">Installing Additional
30 Server Machines</link>.</para>
32 <para>To install additional client machines after completing this chapter, see <link linkend="HDRWQ133">Installing Additional
33 Client Machines</link>. <indexterm>
34 <primary>requirements</primary>
36 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
39 <sect1 id="Header_29">
40 <title>Requirements and Configuration Decisions</title>
42 <para>The instructions in this chapter assume that you meet the following requirements.
45 <para>You are logged onto the machine's console as the local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis></para>
49 <para>A standard version of one of the operating systems supported by the current version of AFS is running on the
54 <para>You have either installed the provided OpenAFS packages for
55 your system, have access to a binary distribution tarball, or have
56 successfully built OpenAFS from source</para>
60 <para>You have a Kerberos v5 realm running for your site. If you are
61 working with an existing cell which uses
62 <emphasis role="bold">kaserver</emphasis> or Kerberos v4 for
63 authentication, please see
64 <link linkend="KAS001">kaserver and Legacy Kerberos v4 Authentication</link>
65 for the modifications required to this installation procedure.</para>
69 <para>You have a NTP, or similar, time service deployed to ensure
70 rough clock syncronistation between your clients and servers. If you
71 wish to use AFS's built in timeservice (which is deprecated) please
72 see Appendix B for the necessary modifications to this installation
75 </itemizedlist></para>
77 <para>You must make the following configuration decisions while installing the first AFS machine. To speed the installation
78 itself, it is best to make the decisions before beginning. See the chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration
79 Guide</emphasis> about issues in cell administration and configuration for detailed guidelines. <indexterm>
80 <primary>cell name</primary>
82 <secondary>choosing</secondary>
83 </indexterm> <indexterm>
84 <primary>AFS filespace</primary>
86 <secondary>deciding how to configure</secondary>
87 </indexterm> <indexterm>
88 <primary>filespace</primary>
90 <see>AFS filespace</see>
91 </indexterm> <itemizedlist>
93 <para>Select the first AFS machine</para>
97 <para>Select the cell name</para>
101 <para>Decide which partitions or logical volumes to configure as AFS server partitions, and choose the directory names on
102 which to mount them</para>
106 <para>Decide how big to make the client cache</para>
110 <para>Decide how to configure the top levels of your cell's AFS filespace</para>
112 </itemizedlist></para>
114 <para>This chapter is divided into three large sections corresponding to the three parts of installing the first AFS machine.
115 Perform all of the steps in the order they appear. Each functional section begins with a summary of the procedures to perform.
116 The sections are as follows: <itemizedlist>
118 <para>Installing server functionality (begins in <link linkend="HDRWQ18">Overview: Installing Server
119 Functionality</link>)</para>
123 <para>Installing client functionality (begins in <link linkend="HDRWQ63">Overview: Installing Client
124 Functionality</link>)</para>
128 <para>Configuring your cell's filespace, establishing further security mechanisms, and enabling access to foreign cells
129 (begins in <link linkend="HDRWQ71">Overview: Completing the Installation of the First AFS Machine</link>)</para>
131 </itemizedlist></para>
134 <primary>overview</primary>
136 <secondary>installing server functionality on first AFS machine</secondary>
140 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
142 <secondary>server functionality</secondary>
146 <primary>installing</primary>
148 <secondary>server functionality</secondary>
150 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
155 <title>Overview: Installing Server Functionality</title>
157 <para>In the first phase of installing your cell's first AFS machine, you install file server and database server functionality
158 by performing the following procedures:
161 <para>Choose which machine to install as the first AFS machine</para>
165 <para>Create AFS-related directories on the local disk</para>
169 <para>Incorporate AFS modifications into the machine's kernel</para>
173 <para>Configure partitions or logical volumes for storing AFS volumes</para>
177 <para>On some system types, install and configure an AFS-modified version of the <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis>
182 <para>If the machine is to remain a client machine, incorporate AFS into its authentication system</para>
186 <para>Start the Basic OverSeer (BOS) Server</para>
190 <para>Define the cell name and the machine's cell membership</para>
194 <para>Start the database server processes: Backup Server, Protection Server, and Volume Location
199 <para>Configure initial security mechanisms</para>
203 <para>Start the <emphasis role="bold">fs</emphasis> process, which incorporates three component processes: the File
204 Server, Volume Server, and Salvager</para>
208 <para>Start the server portion of the Update Server</para>
211 </orderedlist></para>
215 <title>Choosing the First AFS Machine</title>
217 <para>The first AFS machine you install must have sufficient disk space to store AFS volumes. To take best advantage of AFS's
218 capabilities, store client-side binaries as well as user files in volumes. When you later install additional file server
219 machines in your cell, you can distribute these volumes among the different machines as you see fit.</para>
221 <para>These instructions configure the first AFS machine as a <emphasis>database server machine</emphasis>, the <emphasis>binary
222 distribution machine</emphasis> for its system type, and the cell's <emphasis>system control machine</emphasis>. For a
223 description of these roles, see the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis>.</para>
225 <para>Installation of additional machines is simplest if the first machine has the lowest IP address of any database server
226 machine you currently plan to install. If you later install database server functionality on a machine with a lower IP address,
227 you must first update the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> file on all of your cell's client machines.
228 For more details, see <link linkend="HDRWQ114">Installing Database Server Functionality</link>.</para>
231 <sect1 id="Header_32">
232 <title>Creating AFS Directories</title>
235 <primary>usr/afs directory</primary>
237 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
241 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
243 <secondary>/usr/afs directory</secondary>
247 <primary>creating</primary>
249 <secondary>/usr/afs directory</secondary>
251 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
255 <primary>usr/vice/etc directory</primary>
257 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
261 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
263 <secondary>/usr/vice/etc directory</secondary>
267 <primary>creating</primary>
269 <secondary>/usr/vice/etc directory</secondary>
271 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
275 <primary>/ as start to file and directory names</primary>
277 <secondary>see alphabetized entries without initial slash</secondary>
280 <para>If you are installing from packages (such as Debian .deb or
281 Fedora/SuSe .rpm files), you should now install all of the available
282 OpenAFS packages for your system type. Typically, these will include
283 packages for client and server functionality, and a seperate package
284 containing a suitable kernel module for your running kernel. Consult
285 the package lists on the OpenAFS website to determine the packages
286 appropriate for your system.</para>
288 <para>If you are installing from a tarfile, or from a locally compiled
289 source tree you should create the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs</emphasis>
290 and <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directories on the
291 local disk, to house server and client files respectively. Subsequent
292 instructions copy files from the distribution tarfile into them. </para>
294 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /usr/afs</emphasis>
295 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /usr/vice</emphasis>
296 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
301 <title>Performing Platform-Specific Procedures</title>
303 <para>Several of the initial procedures for installing a file server machine differ for each system type. For convenience, the
304 following sections group them together for each system type: <itemizedlist>
306 <primary>kernel extensions</primary>
308 <see>AFS kernel extensions</see>
312 <primary>loading AFS kernel extensions</primary>
314 <see>incorporating</see>
318 <primary>building</primary>
320 <secondary>AFS extensions into kernel</secondary>
322 <see>incorporating AFS kernel extensions</see>
326 <para>Incorporate AFS modifications into the kernel.</para>
328 <para>The kernel on every AFS client machine and, on some systems,
329 the AFS fileservers, must incorporate AFS extensions. On machines
330 that use a dynamic kernel module loader, it is conventional to
331 alter the machine's initialization script to load the AFS extensions
332 at each reboot. <indexterm>
333 <primary>AFS server partition</primary>
335 <secondary>mounted on /vicep directory</secondary>
336 </indexterm> <indexterm>
337 <primary>partition</primary>
339 <see>AFS server partition</see>
340 </indexterm> <indexterm>
341 <primary>logical volume</primary>
343 <see>AFS server partition</see>
344 </indexterm> <indexterm>
345 <primary>requirements</primary>
347 <secondary>AFS server partition name and location</secondary>
348 </indexterm> <indexterm>
349 <primary>naming conventions for AFS server partition</primary>
350 </indexterm> <indexterm>
351 <primary>vicep<emphasis>xx</emphasis> directory</primary>
353 <see>AFS server partition</see>
354 </indexterm> <indexterm>
355 <primary>directories</primary>
357 <secondary>/vicep<emphasis>xx</emphasis></secondary>
359 <see>AFS server partition</see>
364 <para>Configure server partitions or logical volumes to house AFS volumes.</para>
366 <para>Every AFS file server machine must have at least one partition or logical volume dedicated to storing AFS volumes
367 (for convenience, the documentation hereafter refers to partitions only). Each server partition is mounted at a directory
368 named <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>, where <replaceable>xx</replaceable> is one or
369 two lowercase letters. By convention, the first 26 partitions are mounted on the directories called <emphasis
370 role="bold">/vicepa</emphasis> through <emphasis role="bold">/vicepz</emphasis>, the 27th one is mounted on the <emphasis
371 role="bold">/vicepaa</emphasis> directory, and so on through <emphasis role="bold">/vicepaz</emphasis> and <emphasis
372 role="bold">/vicepba</emphasis>, continuing up to the index corresponding to the maximum number of server partitions
373 supported in the current version of AFS (which is specified in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release Notes</emphasis>).</para>
375 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directories must reside in the file server
376 machine's root directory, not in one of its subdirectories (for example, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vicepa</emphasis> is
377 not an acceptable directory location).</para>
379 <para>You can also add or remove server partitions on an existing file server machine. For instructions, see the chapter
380 in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about maintaining server machines.</para>
383 <para>Not all file system types supported by an operating system are necessarily supported as AFS server partitions. For
384 possible restrictions, see the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release Notes</emphasis>.</para>
389 <para>On some system types, install and configure a modified <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program which
390 recognizes the structures that the File Server uses to organize volume data on AFS server partitions. The <emphasis
391 role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program provided with the operating system does not understand the AFS data structures, and so
392 removes them to the <emphasis role="bold">lost+found</emphasis> directory.</para>
396 <para>If the machine is to remain an AFS client machine, modify the machine's authentication system so that users obtain
397 an AFS token as they log into the local file system. Using AFS is simpler and more convenient for your users if you make
398 the modifications on all client machines. Otherwise, users must perform a two or three step login procedure (login to the local
399 system, then obtain Kerberos credentials, and then issue the <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis> command). For further discussion of AFS
400 authentication, see the chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about cell configuration and
401 administration issues.</para>
403 </itemizedlist></para>
405 <para>To continue, proceed to the appropriate section: <itemizedlist>
407 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ21">Getting Started on AIX Systems</link></para>
411 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ31">Getting Started on HP-UX Systems</link></para>
415 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ36">Getting Started on IRIX Systems</link></para>
419 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ41">Getting Started on Linux Systems</link></para>
423 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ45">Getting Started on Solaris Systems</link></para>
425 </itemizedlist></para>
429 <title>Getting Started on AIX Systems</title>
431 <para>Begin by running the AFS initialization script to call the AIX kernel extension facility, which dynamically loads AFS
432 modifications into the kernel. Then use the <emphasis role="bold">SMIT</emphasis> program to configure partitions for storing
433 AFS volumes, and replace the AIX <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program helper with a version that correctly handles AFS
434 volumes. If the machine is to remain an AFS client machine, incorporate AFS into the AIX secondary authentication system.
436 <primary>incorporating AFS kernel extensions</primary>
438 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
440 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
441 </indexterm> <indexterm>
442 <primary>AFS kernel extensions</primary>
444 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
446 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
447 </indexterm> <indexterm>
448 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
450 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
452 <tertiary>on AIX</tertiary>
453 </indexterm> <indexterm>
454 <primary>AIX</primary>
456 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
458 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
462 <title>Loading AFS into the AIX Kernel</title>
464 <para>The AIX kernel extension facility is the dynamic kernel loader
465 provided by IBM Corporation. AIX does not support incorporation of
466 AFS modifications during a kernel build.</para>
468 <para>For AFS to function correctly, the kernel extension facility must run each time the machine reboots, so the AFS
469 initialization script (included in the AFS distribution) invokes it automatically. In this section you copy the script to the
470 conventional location and edit it to select the appropriate options depending on whether NFS is also to run.</para>
472 <para>After editing the script, you run it to incorporate AFS into the kernel. In later sections you verify that the script
473 correctly initializes all AFS components, then configure the AIX <emphasis role="bold">inittab</emphasis> file so that the
474 script runs automatically at reboot. <orderedlist>
476 <para>Unpack the distribution tarball. The examples below assume
477 that you have unpacked the files into the
478 <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdist</emphasis> directory. If you
479 pick a different location, substitute this in all of the following
480 examples. Once you have unpacked the distribution,
481 change directory as indicated.
483 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /tmp/afsdist/rs_aix42/root.client/usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
484 </programlisting></para>
488 <para>Copy the AFS kernel library files to the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/dkload</emphasis> directory,
489 and the AFS initialization script to the <emphasis role="bold">/etc</emphasis> directory. <programlisting>
490 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp dkload /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
491 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p rc.afs /etc/rc.afs</emphasis>
492 </programlisting></para>
496 <para>Edit the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.afs</emphasis> script, setting the <computeroutput>NFS</computeroutput>
497 variable as indicated.</para>
499 <para>If the machine is not to function as an NFS/AFS Translator, set the <computeroutput>NFS</computeroutput> variable
506 <para>If the machine is to function as an NFS/AFS Translator and is running AIX 4.2.1 or higher, set the
507 <computeroutput>NFS</computeroutput> variable as follows. Note that NFS must already be loaded into the kernel, which
508 happens automatically on systems running AIX 4.1.1 and later, as long as the file <emphasis
509 role="bold">/etc/exports</emphasis> exists.</para>
517 <para>Invoke the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.afs</emphasis> script to load AFS modifications into the kernel. You can
518 ignore any error messages about the inability to start the BOS Server or the Cache Manager or AFS client.
520 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.afs</emphasis>
521 </programlisting></para>
523 </orderedlist></para>
526 <primary>configuring</primary>
528 <secondary>AFS server partition on first AFS machine</secondary>
530 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
534 <primary>AFS server partition</primary>
536 <secondary>configuring on first AFS machine</secondary>
538 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
542 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
544 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
546 <tertiary>on AIX</tertiary>
550 <primary>AIX</primary>
552 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
554 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
559 <title>Configuring Server Partitions on AIX Systems</title>
561 <para>Every AFS file server machine must have at least one partition or logical volume dedicated to storing AFS volumes. Each
562 server partition is mounted at a directory named <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>, where
563 <replaceable>xx</replaceable> is one or two lowercase letters. The <emphasis
564 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directories must reside in the file server machine's root
565 directory, not in one of its subdirectories (for example, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vicepa</emphasis> is not an acceptable
566 directory location). For additional information, see <link linkend="HDRWQ20">Performing Platform-Specific
567 Procedures</link>.</para>
569 <para>To configure server partitions on an AIX system, perform the following procedures: <orderedlist>
571 <para>Create a directory called <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> for each AFS server
572 partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition. <programlisting>
573 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>
574 </programlisting></para>
578 <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">SMIT</emphasis> program to create a journaling file system on each partition to be
579 configured as an AFS server partition.</para>
583 <para>Mount each partition at one of the <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>
584 directories. Choose one of the following three methods: <itemizedlist>
586 <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">SMIT</emphasis> program</para>
590 <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">mount -a</emphasis> command to mount all partitions at once</para>
594 <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">mount</emphasis> command on each partition in turn</para>
596 </itemizedlist></para>
598 <para>Also configure the partitions so that they are mounted automatically at each reboot. For more information, refer
599 to the AIX documentation.</para>
601 </orderedlist></para>
604 <primary>replacing fsck program</primary>
606 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
608 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
612 <primary>fsck program</primary>
614 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
616 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
620 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
622 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
624 <tertiary>on AIX</tertiary>
628 <primary>AIX</primary>
630 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
632 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
637 <title>Replacing the fsck Program Helper on AIX Systems</title>
639 <note><para>The AFS modified fsck program is not required on AIX 5.1
640 systems, and the <emphasis role="bold">v3fshelper</emphasis> program
641 refered to below is not shipped for these systems.</para></note>
643 <para>In this section, you make modifications to guarantee that the appropriate <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program
644 runs on AFS server partitions. The <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program provided with the operating system must never
645 run on AFS server partitions. Because it does not recognize the structures that the File Server uses to organize volume data,
646 it removes all of the data. To repeat:</para>
648 <para><emphasis role="bold">Never run the standard fsck program on AFS server partitions. It discards AFS
649 volumes.</emphasis></para>
651 <para>On AIX systems, you do not replace the <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> binary itself, but rather the
652 <emphasis>program helper</emphasis> file included in the AIX distribution as <emphasis
653 role="bold">/sbin/helpers/v3fshelper</emphasis>. <orderedlist>
655 <para>Move the AIX <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program helper to a safe location and install the version from
656 the AFS distribution in its place.
658 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /sbin/helpers</emphasis>
659 # <emphasis role="bold">mv v3fshelper v3fshelper.noafs</emphasis>
660 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p /tmp/afsdist/rs_aix42/root.server/etc/v3fshelper v3fshelper</emphasis>
661 </programlisting></para>
665 <para>If you plan to retain client functionality on this machine after completing the installation, proceed to <link
666 linkend="HDRWQ25">Enabling AFS Login on AIX Systems</link>. Otherwise, proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the
667 BOS Server</link>.</para>
669 </orderedlist></para>
672 <primary>enabling AFS login</primary>
674 <secondary>file server machine</secondary>
676 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
680 <primary>AFS login</primary>
682 <secondary>on file server machine</secondary>
684 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
688 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
690 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
692 <tertiary>on AIX</tertiary>
696 <primary>AIX</primary>
698 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
700 <tertiary>on file server machine</tertiary>
704 <primary>secondary authentication system (AIX)</primary>
706 <secondary>server machine</secondary>
711 <title>Enabling AFS Login on AIX Systems</title>
714 <para>If you plan to remove client functionality from this machine after completing the installation, skip this section and
715 proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>.</para>
718 <para>In modern AFS installations, you should be using Kerberos v5
719 for user login, and obtaining AFS tokens following this authentication
722 <para>There are currently no instructions available on configuring AIX to
723 automatically obtain AFS tokens at login. Following login, users can
724 obtain tokens by running the <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis>
727 <para>Sites which still require <emphasis role="bold">kaserver</emphasis>
728 or external Kerberos v4 authentication should consult
729 <link linkend="KAS012">Enabling kaserver based AFS login on AIX systems</link>
730 for details of how to enable AIX login.</para>
732 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>
733 (or if referring to these instructions while installing an additional
734 file server machine, return to <link linkend="HDRWQ108">Starting Server
735 Programs</link>).</para>
740 <title>Getting Started on HP-UX Systems</title>
742 <para>Begin by building AFS modifications into a new kernel; HP-UX
743 does not support dynamic loading. Then create partitions for storing
744 AFS volumes, and install and configure the AFS-modified <emphasis
745 role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program to run on AFS server
746 partitions. If the machine is to remain an AFS client machine,
747 incorporate AFS into the machine's Pluggable Authentication Module
748 (PAM) scheme. <indexterm>
749 <primary>incorporating AFS kernel extensions</primary>
751 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
753 <tertiary>HP-UX</tertiary>
754 </indexterm> <indexterm>
755 <primary>AFS kernel extensions</primary>
757 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
759 <tertiary>HP-UX</tertiary>
760 </indexterm> <indexterm>
761 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
763 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
765 <tertiary>on HP-UX</tertiary>
766 </indexterm> <indexterm>
767 <primary>HP-UX</primary>
769 <secondary>AFS-modified kernel</secondary>
771 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
775 <title>Building AFS into the HP-UX Kernel</title>
777 <para>Use the following instructions to build AFS modifications into the kernel on an HP-UX system. <orderedlist>
779 <para>Move the existing kernel-related files to a safe location. <programlisting>
780 # <emphasis role="bold">cp /stand/vmunix /stand/vmunix.noafs</emphasis>
781 # <emphasis role="bold">cp /stand/system /stand/system.noafs</emphasis>
782 </programlisting></para>
786 <para>Unpack the OpenAFS HP-UX distribution tarball. The examples
787 below assume that you have unpacked the files into the
788 <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdist</emphasis> directory. If you
789 pick a different location, substitute this in all of the following
790 examples. Once you have unpacked the distribution, change directory
793 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /tmp/afsdist/hp_ux110/root.client</emphasis>
794 </programlisting></para>
798 <para>Copy the AFS initialization file to the local directory for initialization files (by convention, <emphasis
799 role="bold">/sbin/init.d</emphasis> on HP-UX machines). Note the removal of the <emphasis role="bold">.rc</emphasis>
800 extension as you copy the file. <programlisting>
801 # <emphasis role="bold">cp usr/vice/etc/afs.rc /sbin/init.d/afs</emphasis>
802 </programlisting></para>
806 <para>Copy the file <emphasis role="bold">afs.driver</emphasis> to the local <emphasis
807 role="bold">/usr/conf/master.d</emphasis> directory, changing its name to <emphasis role="bold">afs</emphasis> as you
809 # <emphasis role="bold">cp usr/vice/etc/afs.driver /usr/conf/master.d/afs</emphasis>
810 </programlisting></para>
814 <para>Copy the AFS kernel module to the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/conf/lib</emphasis> directory.</para>
816 <para>If the machine's kernel supports NFS server functionality:</para>
819 # <emphasis role="bold">cp bin/libafs.a /usr/conf/lib</emphasis>
822 <para>If the machine's kernel does not support NFS server functionality, change the file's name as you copy it:</para>
825 # <emphasis role="bold">cp bin/libafs.nonfs.a /usr/conf/lib/libafs.a</emphasis>
830 <para>Incorporate the AFS driver into the kernel, either using the <emphasis role="bold">SAM</emphasis> program or a
831 series of individual commands. <itemizedlist>
833 <para>To use the <emphasis role="bold">SAM</emphasis> program: <orderedlist>
835 <para>Invoke the <emphasis role="bold">SAM</emphasis> program, specifying the hostname of the local machine
836 as <replaceable>local_hostname</replaceable>. The <emphasis role="bold">SAM</emphasis> graphical user
837 interface pops up. <programlisting>
838 # <emphasis role="bold">sam -display</emphasis> <replaceable>local_hostname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">:0</emphasis>
839 </programlisting></para>
843 <para>Choose the <emphasis role="bold">Kernel Configuration</emphasis> icon, then the <emphasis
844 role="bold">Drivers</emphasis> icon. From the list of drivers, select <emphasis
845 role="bold">afs</emphasis>.</para>
849 <para>Open the pull-down <emphasis role="bold">Actions</emphasis> menu and choose the <emphasis
850 role="bold">Add Driver to Kernel</emphasis> option.</para>
854 <para>Open the <emphasis role="bold">Actions</emphasis> menu again and choose the <emphasis
855 role="bold">Create a New Kernel</emphasis> option.</para>
859 <para>Confirm your choices by choosing <emphasis role="bold">Yes</emphasis> and <emphasis
860 role="bold">OK</emphasis> when prompted by subsequent pop-up windows. The <emphasis
861 role="bold">SAM</emphasis> program builds the kernel and reboots the system.</para>
865 <para>Login again as the superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>. <programlisting>
866 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
867 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
868 </programlisting></para>
870 </orderedlist></para>
874 <para>To use individual commands: <orderedlist>
876 <para>Edit the file <emphasis role="bold">/stand/system</emphasis>, adding an entry for <emphasis
877 role="bold">afs</emphasis> to the <computeroutput>Subsystems</computeroutput> section.</para>
881 <para>Change to the <emphasis role="bold">/stand/build</emphasis> directory and issue the <emphasis
882 role="bold">mk_kernel</emphasis> command to build the kernel. <programlisting>
883 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /stand/build</emphasis>
884 # <emphasis role="bold">mk_kernel</emphasis>
885 </programlisting></para>
889 <para>Move the new kernel to the standard location (<emphasis role="bold">/stand/vmunix</emphasis>), reboot
890 the machine to start using it, and login again as the superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>.
892 # <emphasis role="bold">mv /stand/build/vmunix_test /stand/vmunix</emphasis>
893 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
894 # <emphasis role="bold">shutdown -r now</emphasis>
895 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
896 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
897 </programlisting></para>
899 </orderedlist></para>
901 </itemizedlist></para>
903 </orderedlist></para>
906 <primary>configuring</primary>
908 <secondary>AFS server partition on first AFS machine</secondary>
910 <tertiary>HP-UX</tertiary>
914 <primary>AFS server partition</primary>
916 <secondary>configuring on first AFS machine</secondary>
918 <tertiary>HP-UX</tertiary>
922 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
924 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
926 <tertiary>on HP-UX</tertiary>
930 <primary>HP-UX</primary>
932 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
934 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
939 <title>Configuring Server Partitions on HP-UX Systems</title>
941 <para>Every AFS file server machine must have at least one partition or logical volume dedicated to storing AFS volumes. Each
942 server partition is mounted at a directory named <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>, where
943 <replaceable>xx</replaceable> is one or two lowercase letters. The <emphasis
944 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directories must reside in the file server machine's root
945 directory, not in one of its subdirectories (for example, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vicepa</emphasis> is not an acceptable
946 directory location). For additional information, see <link linkend="HDRWQ20">Performing Platform-Specific Procedures</link>.
949 <para>Create a directory called <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> for each AFS server
950 partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition. <programlisting>
951 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>
952 </programlisting></para>
956 <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">SAM</emphasis> program to create a file system on each partition. For instructions,
957 consult the HP-UX documentation.</para>
961 <para>On some HP-UX systems that use logical volumes, the <emphasis role="bold">SAM</emphasis> program automatically
962 mounts the partitions. If it has not, mount each partition by issuing either the <emphasis role="bold">mount
963 -a</emphasis> command to mount all partitions at once or the <emphasis role="bold">mount</emphasis> command to mount
964 each partition in turn.</para>
966 </orderedlist></para>
969 <primary>replacing fsck program</primary>
971 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
973 <tertiary>HP-UX</tertiary>
977 <primary>fsck program</primary>
979 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
981 <tertiary>HP-UX</tertiary>
985 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
987 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
989 <tertiary>on HP-UX</tertiary>
993 <primary>HP-UX</primary>
995 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
997 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1001 <sect2 id="HDRWQ34">
1002 <title>Configuring the AFS-modified fsck Program on HP-UX Systems</title>
1004 <para>In this section, you make modifications to guarantee that the appropriate <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program
1005 runs on AFS server partitions. The <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program provided with the operating system must never
1006 run on AFS server partitions. Because it does not recognize the structures that the File Server uses to organize volume data,
1007 it removes all of the data. To repeat:</para>
1009 <para><emphasis role="bold">Never run the standard fsck program on AFS server partitions. It discards AFS
1010 volumes.</emphasis></para>
1012 <para>On HP-UX systems, there are several configuration files to install in addition to the AFS-modified <emphasis
1013 role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program (the <emphasis role="bold">vfsck</emphasis> binary). <orderedlist>
1015 <para>Create the command configuration file <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/lib/mfsconfig.d/afs</emphasis>. Use a text
1016 editor to place the indicated two lines in it: <programlisting>
1018 fsck 0 m,P,p,d,f,b:c:y,n,Y,N,q,
1019 </programlisting></para>
1023 <para>Create and change directory to an AFS-specific command directory called <emphasis
1024 role="bold">/sbin/fs/afs</emphasis>. <programlisting>
1025 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /sbin/fs/afs</emphasis>
1026 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /sbin/fs/afs</emphasis>
1027 </programlisting></para>
1031 <para>Copy the AFS-modified version of the <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program (the <emphasis
1032 role="bold">vfsck</emphasis> binary) and related files from the distribution directory to the new AFS-specific command
1033 directory. <programlisting>
1034 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p /tmp/afsdist/hp_ux110/root.server/etc/* .</emphasis>
1035 </programlisting></para>
1039 <para>Change the <emphasis role="bold">vfsck</emphasis> binary's name to <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> and set
1040 the mode bits appropriately on all of the files in the <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/fs/afs</emphasis> directory.
1042 # <emphasis role="bold">mv vfsck fsck</emphasis>
1043 # <emphasis role="bold">chmod 755 *</emphasis>
1044 </programlisting></para>
1048 <para>Edit the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/fstab</emphasis> file, changing the file system type for each AFS server
1049 partition from <computeroutput>hfs</computeroutput> to <computeroutput>afs</computeroutput>. This ensures that the
1050 AFS-modified <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program runs on the appropriate partitions.</para>
1052 <para>The sixth line in the following example of an edited file shows an AFS server partition, <emphasis
1053 role="bold">/vicepa</emphasis>.</para>
1056 /dev/vg00/lvol1 / hfs defaults 0 1
1057 /dev/vg00/lvol4 /opt hfs defaults 0 2
1058 /dev/vg00/lvol5 /tmp hfs defaults 0 2
1059 /dev/vg00/lvol6 /usr hfs defaults 0 2
1060 /dev/vg00/lvol8 /var hfs defaults 0 2
1061 /dev/vg00/lvol9 /vicepa afs defaults 0 2
1062 /dev/vg00/lvol7 /usr/vice/cache hfs defaults 0 2
1067 <para>If you plan to retain client functionality on this machine after completing the installation, proceed to <link
1068 linkend="HDRWQ35">Enabling AFS Login on HP-UX Systems</link>. Otherwise, proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the
1069 BOS Server</link>.</para>
1071 </orderedlist></para>
1074 <primary>enabling AFS login</primary>
1076 <secondary>file server machine</secondary>
1078 <tertiary>HP-UX</tertiary>
1082 <primary>AFS login</primary>
1084 <secondary>on file server machine</secondary>
1086 <tertiary>HP-UX</tertiary>
1090 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1092 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
1094 <tertiary>on HP-UX</tertiary>
1098 <primary>HP-UX</primary>
1100 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
1102 <tertiary>on file server machine</tertiary>
1106 <primary>PAM</primary>
1108 <secondary>on HP-UX</secondary>
1110 <tertiary>file server machine</tertiary>
1114 <primary>Pluggable Authentication Module</primary>
1120 <sect2 id="HDRWQ35">
1121 <title>Enabling AFS Login on HP-UX Systems</title>
1123 <note><para>If you plan to remove client functionality from this machine after completing the installation, skip this section and proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>.</para></note>
1125 <para>At this point you incorporate AFS into the operating system's
1126 Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) scheme. PAM integrates all
1127 authentication mechanisms on the machine, including login, to
1128 provide the security infrastructure for authenticated access to and
1129 from the machine.</para>
1131 <para>In modern AFS installations, you should be using Kerberos v5
1132 for user login, and obtaining AFS tokens subsequent to this
1133 authentication step. OpenAFS does not currently distribute a PAM
1134 module allowing AFS tokens to be automatically gained at
1135 login. Whilst there are a number of third party modules providing
1136 this functionality, it is not know if these have been tested with
1139 <para>Following login, users can obtain tokens by running the
1140 <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis> command</para>
1142 <para>Sites which still require <emphasis
1143 role="bold">kaserver</emphasis> or external Kerberos v4
1144 authentication should consult <link linkend="KAS013">Enabling
1145 kaserver based AFS login on HP-UX systems</link> for details of how
1146 to enable HP-UX login.</para>
1148 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS
1149 Server</link> (or if referring to these instructions while
1150 installing an additional file server machine, return to <link
1151 linkend="HDRWQ108">Starting Server Programs</link>).</para>
1155 <sect1 id="HDRWQ36">
1156 <title>Getting Started on IRIX Systems</title>
1159 <primary>incorporating AFS kernel extensions</primary>
1161 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
1163 <tertiary>IRIX</tertiary>
1167 <primary>AFS kernel extensions</primary>
1169 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
1171 <tertiary>IRIX</tertiary>
1175 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1177 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
1179 <tertiary>on IRIX</tertiary>
1183 <primary>replacing fsck program</primary>
1185 <secondary>not necessary on IRIX</secondary>
1189 <primary>fsck program</primary>
1191 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
1193 <tertiary>IRIX</tertiary>
1197 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1199 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
1201 <tertiary>on IRIX</tertiary>
1205 <primary>IRIX</primary>
1207 <secondary>fsck program replacement not necessary</secondary>
1210 <para>To incorporate AFS into the kernel on IRIX systems, choose one of two methods: <itemizedlist>
1212 <para>Run the AFS initialization script to invoke the <emphasis role="bold">ml</emphasis> program distributed by Silicon
1213 Graphics, Incorporated (SGI), which dynamically loads AFS modifications into the kernel</para>
1217 <para>Build a new static kernel</para>
1219 </itemizedlist></para>
1221 <para>Then create partitions for storing AFS volumes. You do not need to replace the IRIX <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis>
1222 program because SGI has already modified it to handle AFS volumes properly. If the machine is to remain an AFS client machine,
1223 verify that the IRIX login utility installed on the machine grants an AFS token.</para>
1225 <para>In preparation for either dynamic loading or kernel building, perform the following procedures: <orderedlist>
1227 <para>Unpack the OpenAFS IRIX distribution tarball. The examples
1228 below assume that you have unpacked the files into the
1229 <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdist</emphasis> directory. If you
1230 pick a different location, substitue this in all of the following
1231 examples. Once you have unpacked the distribution, change directory
1234 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /tmp/afsdist/sgi_65/root.client</emphasis>
1235 </programlisting></para>
1239 <para>Copy the AFS initialization script to the local directory for initialization files (by convention, <emphasis
1240 role="bold">/etc/init.d</emphasis> on IRIX machines). Note the removal of the <emphasis role="bold">.rc</emphasis>
1241 extension as you copy the script. <programlisting>
1242 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p usr/vice/etc/afs.rc /etc/init.d/afs</emphasis>
1243 </programlisting></para>
1247 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">uname -m</emphasis> command to determine the machine's CPU board type. The <emphasis
1248 role="bold">IP</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> value in the output must match one of the supported CPU board types
1249 listed in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release Notes</emphasis> for the current version of AFS. <programlisting>
1250 # <emphasis role="bold">uname -m</emphasis>
1251 </programlisting></para>
1255 <para>Proceed to either <link linkend="HDRWQ37">Loading AFS into the IRIX Kernel</link> or <link
1256 linkend="HDRWQ38">Building AFS into the IRIX Kernel</link>.</para>
1258 </orderedlist></para>
1261 <primary>IRIX</primary>
1263 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
1265 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1269 <primary>afsml variable (IRIX)</primary>
1271 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
1275 <primary>variables</primary>
1277 <secondary>afsml (IRIX)</secondary>
1279 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1283 <primary>IRIX</primary>
1285 <secondary>afsml variable</secondary>
1287 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1291 <primary>afsxnfs variable (IRIX)</primary>
1293 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
1297 <primary>variables</primary>
1299 <secondary>afsxnfs (IRIX)</secondary>
1301 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1305 <primary>IRIX</primary>
1307 <secondary>afsxnfs variable</secondary>
1309 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1312 <sect2 id="HDRWQ37">
1313 <title>Loading AFS into the IRIX Kernel</title>
1315 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">ml</emphasis> program is the dynamic kernel loader provided by SGI for IRIX systems. If you
1316 use it rather than building AFS modifications into a static kernel, then for AFS to function correctly the <emphasis
1317 role="bold">ml</emphasis> program must run each time the machine reboots. Therefore, the AFS initialization script (included
1318 on the AFS CD-ROM) invokes it automatically when the <emphasis role="bold">afsml</emphasis> configuration variable is
1319 activated. In this section you activate the variable and run the script.</para>
1321 <para>In later sections you verify that the script correctly initializes all AFS components, then create the links that
1322 incorporate AFS into the IRIX startup and shutdown sequence. <orderedlist>
1324 <para>Create the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/sgiload</emphasis> directory to house the AFS kernel library
1325 file. <programlisting>
1326 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /usr/vice/etc/sgiload</emphasis>
1327 </programlisting></para>
1331 <para>Copy the appropriate AFS kernel library file to the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/sgiload</emphasis>
1332 directory. The <emphasis role="bold">IP</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> portion of the library file name must
1333 match the value previously returned by the <emphasis role="bold">uname -m</emphasis> command. Also choose the file
1334 appropriate to whether the machine's kernel supports NFS server functionality (NFS must be supported for the machine to
1335 act as an NFS/AFS Translator). Single- and multiprocessor machines use the same library file.</para>
1337 <para>(You can choose to copy all of the kernel library files into the <emphasis
1338 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/sgiload</emphasis> directory, but they require a significant amount of space.)</para>
1340 <para>If the machine's kernel supports NFS server functionality:</para>
1343 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p usr/vice/etc/sgiload/libafs.IP</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">.o /usr/vice/etc/sgiload</emphasis>
1346 <para>If the machine's kernel does not support NFS server functionality:</para>
1349 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p usr/vice/etc/sgiload/libafs.IP</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">.nonfs.o</emphasis> \
1350 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/sgiload</emphasis>
1355 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">chkconfig</emphasis> command to activate the <emphasis
1356 role="bold">afsml</emphasis> configuration variable. <programlisting>
1357 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/chkconfig -f afsml on</emphasis>
1358 </programlisting></para>
1360 <para>If the machine is to function as an NFS/AFS Translator and the kernel supports NFS server functionality, activate
1361 the <emphasis role="bold">afsxnfs</emphasis> variable.</para>
1364 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/chkconfig -f afsxnfs on</emphasis>
1369 <para>Run the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs</emphasis> script to load AFS extensions into the kernel. The script
1370 invokes the <emphasis role="bold">ml</emphasis> command, automatically determining which kernel library file to use
1371 based on this machine's CPU type and the activation state of the <emphasis role="bold">afsxnfs</emphasis>
1374 <para>You can ignore any error messages about the inability to start the BOS Server or the Cache Manager or AFS
1378 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs start</emphasis>
1383 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ39">Configuring Server Partitions on IRIX Systems</link>.</para>
1385 </orderedlist></para>
1388 <primary>IRIX</primary>
1390 <secondary>AFS-modified kernel</secondary>
1392 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1396 <sect2 id="HDRWQ38">
1397 <title>Building AFS into the IRIX Kernel</title>
1399 <para>Use the following instructions to build AFS modifications into the kernel on an IRIX system. <orderedlist>
1401 <para>Copy the kernel initialization file <emphasis role="bold">afs.sm</emphasis> to the local <emphasis
1402 role="bold">/var/sysgen/system</emphasis> directory, and the kernel master file <emphasis role="bold">afs</emphasis> to
1403 the local <emphasis role="bold">/var/sysgen/master.d</emphasis> directory. <programlisting>
1404 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p bin/afs.sm /var/sysgen/system</emphasis>
1405 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p bin/afs /var/sysgen/master.d</emphasis>
1406 </programlisting></para>
1410 <para>Copy the appropriate AFS kernel library file to the local file <emphasis
1411 role="bold">/var/sysgen/boot/afs.a</emphasis>; the <emphasis role="bold">IP</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>
1412 portion of the library file name must match the value previously returned by the <emphasis role="bold">uname
1413 -m</emphasis> command. Also choose the file appropriate to whether the machine's kernel supports NFS server
1414 functionality (NFS must be supported for the machine to act as an NFS/AFS Translator). Single- and multiprocessor
1415 machines use the same library file.</para>
1417 <para>If the machine's kernel supports NFS server functionality:</para>
1420 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p bin/libafs.IP</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">.a /var/sysgen/boot/afs.a</emphasis>
1423 <para>If the machine's kernel does not support NFS server functionality:</para>
1426 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p bin/libafs.IP</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">.nonfs.a /var/sysgen/boot/afs.a</emphasis>
1431 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">chkconfig</emphasis> command to deactivate the <emphasis
1432 role="bold">afsml</emphasis> configuration variable. <programlisting>
1433 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/chkconfig -f afsml off</emphasis>
1434 </programlisting></para>
1436 <para>If the machine is to function as an NFS/AFS Translator and the kernel supports NFS server functionality, activate
1437 the <emphasis role="bold">afsxnfs</emphasis> variable.</para>
1440 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/chkconfig -f afsxnfs on</emphasis>
1445 <para>Copy the existing kernel file, <emphasis role="bold">/unix</emphasis>, to a safe location. Compile the new kernel,
1446 which is created in the file <emphasis role="bold">/unix.install</emphasis>. It overwrites the existing <emphasis
1447 role="bold">/unix</emphasis> file when the machine reboots in the next step. <programlisting>
1448 # <emphasis role="bold">cp /unix /unix_noafs</emphasis>
1449 # <emphasis role="bold">autoconfig</emphasis>
1450 </programlisting></para>
1454 <para>Reboot the machine to start using the new kernel, and login again as the superuser <emphasis
1455 role="bold">root</emphasis>. <programlisting>
1456 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
1457 # <emphasis role="bold">shutdown -i6 -g0 -y</emphasis>
1458 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
1459 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
1460 </programlisting></para>
1462 </orderedlist></para>
1465 <primary>configuring</primary>
1467 <secondary>AFS server partition on first AFS machine</secondary>
1469 <tertiary>IRIX</tertiary>
1473 <primary>AFS server partition</primary>
1475 <secondary>configuring on first AFS machine</secondary>
1477 <tertiary>IRIX</tertiary>
1481 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1483 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
1485 <tertiary>on IRIX</tertiary>
1489 <primary>IRIX</primary>
1491 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
1493 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1497 <sect2 id="HDRWQ39">
1498 <title>Configuring Server Partitions on IRIX Systems</title>
1500 <para>Every AFS file server machine must have at least one partition or logical volume dedicated to storing AFS volumes. Each
1501 server partition is mounted at a directory named <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>, where
1502 <replaceable>xx</replaceable> is one or two lowercase letters. The <emphasis
1503 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directories must reside in the file server machine's root
1504 directory, not in one of its subdirectories (for example, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vicepa</emphasis> is not an acceptable
1505 directory location). For additional information, see <link linkend="HDRWQ20">Performing Platform-Specific
1506 Procedures</link>.</para>
1508 <para>AFS supports use of both EFS and XFS partitions for housing AFS volumes. SGI encourages use of XFS partitions.
1511 <para>Create a directory called <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> for each AFS server
1512 partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition. <programlisting>
1513 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>
1514 </programlisting></para>
1518 <para>Add a line with the following format to the file systems registry file, <emphasis
1519 role="bold">/etc/fstab</emphasis>, for each partition (or logical volume created with the XLV volume manager) to be
1520 mounted on one of the directories created in the previous step.</para>
1522 <para>For an XFS partition or logical volume:</para>
1525 /dev/dsk/<replaceable>disk</replaceable> /vicep<replaceable>xx</replaceable> xfs rw,raw=/dev/rdsk/<replaceable>disk</replaceable> 0 0
1528 <para>For an EFS partition:</para>
1531 /dev/dsk/<replaceable>disk</replaceable> /vicep<replaceable>xx</replaceable> efs rw,raw=/dev/rdsk/<replaceable>disk</replaceable> 0 0
1534 <para>The following are examples of an entry for each file system type:</para>
1537 /dev/dsk/dks0d2s6 /vicepa xfs rw,raw=/dev/rdsk/dks0d2s6 0 0
1538 /dev/dsk/dks0d3s1 /vicepb efs rw,raw=/dev/rdsk/dks0d3s1 0 0
1543 <para>Create a file system on each partition that is to be mounted on a <emphasis
1544 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directory. The following commands are probably appropriate,
1545 but consult the IRIX documentation for more information. In both cases, <replaceable>raw_device</replaceable> is a raw
1546 device name like <emphasis role="bold">/dev/rdsk/dks0d0s0</emphasis> for a single disk partition or <emphasis
1547 role="bold">/dev/rxlv/xlv0</emphasis> for a logical volume.</para>
1549 <para>For XFS file systems, include the indicated options to configure the partition or logical volume with inodes large
1550 enough to accommodate AFS-specific information:</para>
1553 # <emphasis role="bold">mkfs -t xfs -i size=512 -l size=4000b</emphasis> <replaceable>raw_device</replaceable>
1556 <para>For EFS file systems:</para>
1559 # <emphasis role="bold">mkfs -t efs</emphasis> <replaceable>raw_device</replaceable>
1564 <para>Mount each partition by issuing either the <emphasis role="bold">mount -a</emphasis> command to mount all
1565 partitions at once or the <emphasis role="bold">mount</emphasis> command to mount each partition in turn.</para>
1569 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> If you have configured partitions or logical volumes to use XFS, issue
1570 the following command to verify that the inodes are configured properly (are large enough to accommodate AFS-specific
1571 information). If the configuration is correct, the command returns no output. Otherwise, it specifies the command to run
1572 in order to configure each partition or logical volume properly. <programlisting>
1573 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/xfs_size_check</emphasis>
1574 </programlisting></para>
1578 <para>If you plan to retain client functionality on this machine after completing the installation, proceed to <link
1579 linkend="HDRWQ40">Enabling AFS Login on IRIX Systems</link>. Otherwise, proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the
1580 BOS Server</link>.</para>
1582 </orderedlist></para>
1585 <primary>enabling AFS login</primary>
1587 <secondary>file server machine</secondary>
1589 <tertiary>IRIX</tertiary>
1593 <primary>AFS login</primary>
1595 <secondary>on file server machine</secondary>
1597 <tertiary>IRIX</tertiary>
1601 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1603 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
1605 <tertiary>on IRIX</tertiary>
1609 <primary>IRIX</primary>
1611 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
1615 <sect2 id="HDRWQ40">
1616 <title>Enabling AFS Login on IRIX Systems</title>
1619 <para>If you plan to remove client functionality from this machine after completing the installation, skip this section and
1620 proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>.</para>
1623 <para>Whilst the standard IRIX command-line
1624 <emphasis role="bold">login</emphasis> program and the
1625 graphical <emphasis role="bold">xdm</emphasis> login program both have
1626 the ability to grant AFS tokens, this ability relies upon the deprecated
1627 kaserver authentication system.</para>
1629 <para>Users who have been successfully authenticated via Kerberos 5
1630 authentication may obtain AFS tokens following login by running the
1631 <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis> command.</para>
1633 <para>Sites which still require <emphasis role="bold">kaserver</emphasis>
1634 or external Kerberos v4 authentication should consult
1635 <link linkend="KAS014">Enabling kaserver based AFS Login on IRIX Systems</link>
1636 for details of how to enable IRIX login.</para>
1638 <para>After taking any necessary action, proceed to
1639 <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>.</para>
1643 <sect1 id="HDRWQ41">
1644 <title>Getting Started on Linux Systems</title>
1647 <primary>replacing fsck program</primary>
1649 <secondary>not necessary on Linux</secondary>
1653 <primary>fsck program</primary>
1655 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
1657 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
1661 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1663 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
1665 <tertiary>on Linux</tertiary>
1669 <primary>Linux</primary>
1671 <secondary>fsck program replacement not necessary</secondary>
1674 <para>Since this guide was originally written, the procedure for starting
1675 OpenAFS has diverged significantly between different Linux distributions.
1676 The instructions that follow are appropriate for both the Fedora and
1677 RedHat Enterprise Linux packages distributed by OpenAFS. Additional
1678 instructions are provided for those building from source.</para>
1680 <para>Begin by running the AFS client startup scripts, which call the
1681 <emphasis role="bold">modprobe</emphasis> program, which dynamically
1682 loads AFS modifications into the kernel. Then create partitions for
1683 storing AFS volumes. You do not need to replace the Linux <emphasis
1684 role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program. If the machine is to remain an
1685 AFS client machine, incorporate AFS into the machine's Pluggable
1686 Authentication Module (PAM) scheme. <indexterm>
1687 <primary>incorporating AFS kernel extensions</primary>
1689 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
1691 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
1692 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1693 <primary>AFS kernel extensions</primary>
1695 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
1697 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
1698 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1699 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1701 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
1703 <tertiary>on Linux</tertiary>
1704 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1705 <primary>Linux</primary>
1707 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
1709 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1712 <sect2 id="HDRWQ42">
1713 <title>Loading AFS into the Linux Kernel</title>
1715 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">modprobe</emphasis> program is the dynamic kernel loader for Linux. Linux does not support
1716 incorporation of AFS modifications during a kernel build.</para>
1718 <para>For AFS to function correctly, the <emphasis role="bold">modprobe</emphasis> program must run each time the machine
1719 reboots, so your distribution's AFS initialization script invokes it automatically. The script also includes
1720 commands that select the appropriate AFS library file automatically. In this section you run the script.</para>
1722 <para>In later sections you verify that the script correctly initializes all AFS components, then activate a configuration
1723 variable, which results in the script being incorporated into the Linux startup and shutdown sequence.</para>
1725 <para>The procedure for starting up OpenAFS depends upon your distribution</para>
1727 <title>Fedora and RedHat Enterprise Linux</title>
1728 <para>OpenAFS ship RPMS for all current Fedora and RHEL releases.
1731 <para>Download and install the RPM set for your operating system.
1732 RPMs are available from the OpenAFS web site. You will need the
1733 <emphasis role="bold">openafs</emphasis>
1734 <emphasis role="bold">openafs-client></emphasis>
1735 <emphasis role="bold">openafs-server</emphasis> packages, along with
1736 an <emphasis role="bold">openafs-kernel</emphasis> package matching
1737 your current, running, kernel.</para>
1738 <para>You can find the version of your current kernel by running
1741 <replaceable>2.6.20-1.2933.fc6</replaceable>
1742 </programlisting></para>
1743 <para>Once downloaded, the packages may be installed with the
1744 <emphasis role="bold">rpm</emphasis> command
1746 # rpm -U openafs-* openafs-client-* openafs-server-* openafs-kernel-*
1747 </programlisting></para>
1749 <!-- If you do this with current RHEL and Fedora releases you end up with
1750 a dynroot'd client running - this breaks setting up the root.afs volume
1751 as described later in this guide
1753 <para>Run the AFS initialization script to load AFS extensions into
1754 the kernel. You can ignore any error messages about the inability
1755 to start the BOS Server or the Cache Manager or AFS client.</para>
1757 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.d/init.d/openafs-client start</emphasis>
1765 <title>Systems packaged as tar files</title>
1766 <para>If you are running a system where the OpenAFS Binary Distribution
1767 is provided as a tar file, or where you have built the system from
1768 source yourself, you need to install the relevant components by hand
1773 <para>Unpack the distribution tarball. The examples below assume
1774 that you have unpacked the files into the
1775 <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdist</emphasis>directory. If you
1776 pick a different location, substitute this in all of the following
1777 examples. Once you have unpacked the distribution,
1778 change directory as indicated.
1780 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /tmp/afsdist/linux/root.client/usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
1781 </programlisting></para>
1785 <para>Copy the AFS kernel library files to the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/modload</emphasis> directory.
1786 The filenames for the libraries have the format <emphasis
1787 role="bold">libafs-</emphasis><replaceable>version</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">.o</emphasis>, where
1788 <replaceable>version</replaceable> indicates the kernel build level. The string <emphasis role="bold">.mp</emphasis> in
1789 the <replaceable>version</replaceable> indicates that the file is appropriate for machines running a multiprocessor
1790 kernel. <programlisting>
1791 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp modload /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
1792 </programlisting></para>
1796 <para>Copy the AFS initialization script to the local directory for initialization files (by convention, <emphasis
1797 role="bold">/etc/rc.d/init.d</emphasis> on Linux machines). Note the removal of the <emphasis role="bold">.rc</emphasis>
1798 extension as you copy the script. <programlisting>
1799 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p afs.rc /etc/rc.d/init.d/afs</emphasis>
1800 </programlisting></para>
1803 <!-- I don't think we need to do this for Linux, and it complicates things if
1804 dynroot is enabled ...
1806 <para>Run the AFS initialization script to load AFS extensions into the kernel. You can ignore any error messages about
1807 the inability to start the BOS Server or the Cache Manager or AFS client.</para>
1809 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.d/init.d/afs start</emphasis>
1816 <primary>configuring</primary>
1818 <secondary>AFS server partition on first AFS machine</secondary>
1820 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
1824 <primary>AFS server partition</primary>
1826 <secondary>configuring on first AFS machine</secondary>
1828 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
1832 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1834 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
1836 <tertiary>on Linux</tertiary>
1840 <primary>Linux</primary>
1842 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
1844 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1849 <sect2 id="HDRWQ43">
1850 <title>Configuring Server Partitions on Linux Systems</title>
1852 <para>Every AFS file server machine must have at least one partition or logical volume dedicated to storing AFS volumes. Each
1853 server partition is mounted at a directory named <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>, where
1854 <replaceable>xx</replaceable> is one or two lowercase letters. The <emphasis
1855 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directories must reside in the file server machine's root
1856 directory, not in one of its subdirectories (for example, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vicepa</emphasis> is not an acceptable
1857 directory location). For additional information, see <link linkend="HDRWQ20">Performing Platform-Specific Procedures</link>.
1860 <para>Create a directory called <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> for each AFS server
1861 partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition. <programlisting>
1862 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>
1863 </programlisting></para>
1867 <para>Add a line with the following format to the file systems registry file, <emphasis
1868 role="bold">/etc/fstab</emphasis>, for each directory just created. The entry maps the directory name to the disk
1869 partition to be mounted on it. <programlisting>
1870 /dev/<replaceable>disk</replaceable> /vicep<replaceable>xx</replaceable> ext2 defaults 0 2
1871 </programlisting></para>
1873 <para>The following is an example for the first partition being configured.</para>
1876 /dev/sda8 /vicepa ext2 defaults 0 2
1881 <para>Create a file system on each partition that is to be mounted at a <emphasis
1882 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directory. The following command is probably appropriate, but
1883 consult the Linux documentation for more information. <programlisting>
1884 # <emphasis role="bold">mkfs -v /dev/</emphasis><replaceable>disk</replaceable>
1885 </programlisting></para>
1889 <para>Mount each partition by issuing either the <emphasis role="bold">mount -a</emphasis> command to mount all
1890 partitions at once or the <emphasis role="bold">mount</emphasis> command to mount each partition in turn.</para>
1894 <para>If you plan to retain client functionality on this machine after completing the installation, proceed to <link
1895 linkend="HDRWQ44">Enabling AFS Login on Linux Systems</link>. Otherwise, proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the
1896 BOS Server</link>.</para>
1898 </orderedlist></para>
1901 <primary>enabling AFS login</primary>
1903 <secondary>file server machine</secondary>
1905 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
1909 <primary>AFS login</primary>
1911 <secondary>on file server machine</secondary>
1913 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
1917 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1919 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
1921 <tertiary>on Linux</tertiary>
1925 <primary>Linux</primary>
1927 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
1929 <tertiary>on file server machine</tertiary>
1933 <primary>PAM</primary>
1935 <secondary>on Linux</secondary>
1937 <tertiary>file server machine</tertiary>
1941 <sect2 id="HDRWQ44">
1942 <title>Enabling AFS Login on Linux Systems</title>
1945 <para>If you plan to remove client functionality from this machine
1946 after completing the installation, skip this section and proceed
1947 to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>.</para>
1950 <para>At this point you incorporate AFS into the operating system's
1951 Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) scheme. PAM integrates all
1952 authentication mechanisms on the machine, including login, to provide
1953 the security infrastructure for authenticated access to and from the
1956 <para>You should first configure your system to obtain Kerberos v5
1957 tickets as part of the authentication process, and then run an AFS PAM
1958 module to obtain tokens from those tickets after authentication. Many
1959 Linux distributions come with a Kerberos v5 PAM module (usually called
1960 pam-krb5 or pam_krb5), or you can download and install <ulink
1961 url="http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/pam-krb5">Russ Allbery's
1962 Kerberos v5 PAM module</ulink>, which is tested regularly with AFS.
1963 See the instructions of whatever PAM module you use for how to
1964 configure it.</para>
1966 <para>Some Kerberos v5 PAM modules do come with native AFS support
1967 (usually requiring the Heimdal Kerberos implementation rather than the
1968 MIT Kerberos implementation). If you are using one of those PAM
1969 modules, you can configure it to obtain AFS tokens. It's more common,
1970 however, to separate the AFS token acquisition into a separate PAM
1973 <para>The recommended AFS PAM module is <ulink
1974 url="http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/pam-afs-session/">Russ
1975 Allbery's pam-afs-session module</ulink>. It should work with any of
1976 the Kerberos v5 PAM modules. To add it to the PAM configuration, you
1977 often only need to add configuration to the session group:</para>
1980 <title>Linux PAM session example</title>
1981 <literallayout>session required pam_afs_session.so</literallayout>
1984 <para>If you also want to obtain AFS tokens for <command>scp</command>
1985 and similar commands that don't open a session, you will also need to
1986 add the AFS PAM module to the auth group so that the PAM
1987 <function>setcred</function> call will obtain tokens. The
1988 <literal>pam_afs_session</literal> module will always return success
1989 for authentication so that it can be added to the auth group only for
1990 <function>setcred</function>, so make sure that it's not marked as
1991 <literal>sufficient</literal>.</para>
1994 <title>Linux PAM auth example</title>
1995 <literallayout>auth [success=ok default=1] pam_krb5.so
1996 auth [default=done] pam_afs_session.so
1997 auth required pam_unix.so try_first_pass</literallayout>
2000 <para>This example will work if you want to try Kerberos v5 first and
2001 then fall back to regular Unix authentication.
2002 <literal>success=ok</literal> for the Kerberos PAM module followed by
2003 <literal>default=done</literal> for the AFS PAM module will cause a
2004 successful Kerberos login to run the AFS PAM module and then skip the
2005 Unix authentication module. <literal>default=1</literal> on the
2006 Kerberos PAM module causes failure of that module to skip the next
2007 module (the AFS PAM module) and fall back to the Unix module. If you
2008 want to try Unix authentication first and rearrange the order, be sure
2009 to use <literal>default=die</literal> instead.</para>
2011 <para>The PAM configuration is stored in different places in different
2012 Linux distributions. On Red Hat, look in
2013 <filename>/etc/pam.d/system-auth</filename>. On Debian and
2014 derivatives, look in <filename>/etc/pam.d/common-session</filename>
2015 and <filename>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</filename>.</para>
2017 <para>For additional configuration examples and the configuration
2018 options of the AFS PAM module, see its documentation. For more
2019 details on the available options for the PAM configuration, see the
2020 Linux PAM documentation.</para>
2022 <para>Sites which still require <command>kaserver</command> or
2023 external Kerberos v4 authentication should consult <link
2024 linkend="KAS015">Enabling kaserver based AFS Login on Linux
2025 Systems</link> for details of how to enable AFS login on Linux.</para>
2027 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS
2028 Server</link> (or if referring to these instructions while installing
2029 an additional file server machine, return to <link
2030 linkend="HDRWQ108">Starting Server Programs</link>).</para>
2034 <sect1 id="HDRWQ45">
2035 <title>Getting Started on Solaris Systems</title>
2037 <para>Begin by running the AFS initialization script to call the <emphasis role="bold">modload</emphasis> program distributed by
2038 Sun Microsystems, which dynamically loads AFS modifications into the kernel. Then create partitions for storing AFS volumes, and
2039 install and configure the AFS-modified <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program to run on AFS server partitions. If the
2040 machine is to remain an AFS client machine, incorporate AFS into the machine's Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) scheme.
2042 <primary>incorporating AFS kernel extensions</primary>
2044 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2046 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
2047 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2048 <primary>AFS kernel extensions</primary>
2050 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
2052 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
2053 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2054 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2056 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
2058 <tertiary>on Solaris</tertiary>
2059 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2060 <primary>Solaris</primary>
2062 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
2064 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
2067 <sect2 id="HDRWQ46">
2068 <title>Loading AFS into the Solaris Kernel</title>
2070 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">modload</emphasis> program is the dynamic kernel loader provided by Sun Microsystems for
2071 Solaris systems. Solaris does not support incorporation of AFS modifications during a kernel build.</para>
2073 <para>For AFS to function correctly, the <emphasis role="bold">modload</emphasis> program must run each time the machine
2074 reboots, so the AFS initialization script (included on the AFS CD-ROM) invokes it automatically. In this section you copy the
2075 appropriate AFS library file to the location where the <emphasis role="bold">modload</emphasis> program accesses it and then
2076 run the script.</para>
2078 <para>In later sections you verify that the script correctly initializes all AFS components, then create the links that
2079 incorporate AFS into the Solaris startup and shutdown sequence. <orderedlist>
2081 <para>Unpack the OpenAFS Solaris distribution tarball. The examples
2082 below assume that you have unpacked the files into the
2083 <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdist</emphasis> directory. If you
2084 pick a diferent location, substitute this in all of the following
2085 exmaples. Once you have unpacked the distribution, change directory
2088 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /tmp/afsdist/sun4x_56/root.client/usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
2089 </programlisting></para>
2093 <para>Copy the AFS initialization script to the local directory for initialization files (by convention, <emphasis
2094 role="bold">/etc/init.d</emphasis> on Solaris machines). Note the removal of the <emphasis role="bold">.rc</emphasis>
2095 extension as you copy the script. <programlisting>
2096 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p afs.rc /etc/init.d/afs</emphasis>
2097 </programlisting></para>
2101 <para>Copy the appropriate AFS kernel library file to the local file <emphasis
2102 role="bold">/kernel/fs/afs</emphasis>.</para>
2104 <para>If the machine is running Solaris 2.6 or the 32-bit version of Solaris 7, its kernel supports NFS server
2105 functionality, and the <emphasis role="bold">nfsd</emphasis> process is running:</para>
2108 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p modload/libafs.o /kernel/fs/afs</emphasis>
2111 <para>If the machine is running Solaris 2.6 or the 32-bit version of Solaris 7, and its kernel does not support NFS
2112 server functionality or the <emphasis role="bold">nfsd</emphasis> process is not running:</para>
2115 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p modload/libafs.nonfs.o /kernel/fs/afs</emphasis>
2118 <para>If the machine is running the 64-bit version of Solaris 7, its kernel supports NFS server functionality, and the
2119 <emphasis role="bold">nfsd</emphasis> process is running:</para>
2122 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p modload/libafs64.o /kernel/fs/sparcv9/afs</emphasis>
2125 <para>If the machine is running the 64-bit version of Solaris 7, and its kernel does not support NFS server
2126 functionality or the <emphasis role="bold">nfsd</emphasis> process is not running:</para>
2129 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p modload/libafs64.nonfs.o /kernel/fs/sparcv9/afs</emphasis>
2134 <para>Run the AFS initialization script to load AFS modifications into the kernel. You can ignore any error messages
2135 about the inability to start the BOS Server or the Cache Manager or AFS client. <programlisting>
2136 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs start</emphasis>
2137 </programlisting></para>
2139 <para>When an entry called <computeroutput>afs</computeroutput> does not already exist in the local <emphasis
2140 role="bold">/etc/name_to_sysnum</emphasis> file, the script automatically creates it and reboots the machine to start
2141 using the new version of the file. If this happens, log in again as the superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
2142 after the reboot and run the initialization script again. This time the required entry exists in the <emphasis
2143 role="bold">/etc/name_to_sysnum</emphasis> file, and the <emphasis role="bold">modload</emphasis> program runs.</para>
2146 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
2147 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
2148 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs start</emphasis>
2151 </orderedlist></para>
2154 <primary>replacing fsck program</primary>
2156 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2158 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
2162 <primary>fsck program</primary>
2164 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
2166 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
2170 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2172 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
2174 <tertiary>on Solaris</tertiary>
2178 <primary>Solaris</primary>
2180 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
2182 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
2186 <sect2 id="HDRWQ47">
2187 <title>Configuring the AFS-modified fsck Program on Solaris Systems</title>
2189 <para>In this section, you make modifications to guarantee that the appropriate <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program
2190 runs on AFS server partitions. The <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program provided with the operating system must never
2191 run on AFS server partitions. Because it does not recognize the structures that the File Server uses to organize volume data,
2192 it removes all of the data. To repeat:</para>
2194 <para><emphasis role="bold">Never run the standard fsck program on AFS server partitions. It discards AFS volumes.</emphasis>
2197 <para>Create the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/lib/fs/afs</emphasis> directory to house the AFS-modified <emphasis
2198 role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program and related files. <programlisting>
2199 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /usr/lib/fs/afs</emphasis>
2200 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/lib/fs/afs</emphasis>
2201 </programlisting></para>
2205 <para>Copy the <emphasis role="bold">vfsck</emphasis> binary to the newly created directory, changing the name as you do
2206 so. <programlisting>
2207 # <emphasis role="bold">cp /tmp/afsdist/sun4x_56/root.server/etc/vfsck fsck</emphasis>
2208 </programlisting></para>
2212 <para>Working in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/lib/fs/afs</emphasis> directory, create the following links to Solaris
2213 libraries: <programlisting>
2214 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/clri</emphasis>
2215 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/df</emphasis>
2216 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/edquota</emphasis>
2217 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/ff</emphasis>
2218 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/fsdb</emphasis>
2219 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/fsirand</emphasis>
2220 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/fstyp</emphasis>
2221 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/labelit</emphasis>
2222 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/lockfs</emphasis>
2223 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/mkfs</emphasis>
2224 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/mount</emphasis>
2225 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/ncheck</emphasis>
2226 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/newfs</emphasis>
2227 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/quot</emphasis>
2228 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/quota</emphasis>
2229 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/quotaoff</emphasis>
2230 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/quotaon</emphasis>
2231 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/repquota</emphasis>
2232 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/tunefs</emphasis>
2233 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/ufsdump</emphasis>
2234 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/ufsrestore</emphasis>
2235 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/volcopy</emphasis>
2236 </programlisting></para>
2240 <para>Append the following line to the end of the file <emphasis role="bold">/etc/dfs/fstypes</emphasis>.
2243 </programlisting></para>
2247 <para>Edit the <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/mountall</emphasis> file, making two changes. <itemizedlist>
2249 <para>Add an entry for AFS to the <computeroutput>case</computeroutput> statement for option 2, so that it reads
2250 as follows: <programlisting>
2252 ufs) foptions="-o p"
2254 afs) foptions="-o p"
2256 s5) foptions="-y -t /var/tmp/tmp$$ -D"
2260 </programlisting></para>
2264 <para>Edit the file so that all AFS and UFS partitions are checked in parallel. Replace the following section of
2265 code: <programlisting>
2266 # For fsck purposes, we make a distinction between ufs and
2267 # other file systems
2269 if [ "$fstype" = "ufs" ]; then
2270 ufs_fscklist="$ufs_fscklist $fsckdev"
2271 saveentry $fstype "$OPTIONS" $special $mountp
2274 </programlisting></para>
2276 <para>with the following section of code:</para>
2279 # For fsck purposes, we make a distinction between ufs/afs
2280 # and other file systems.
2282 if [ "$fstype" = "ufs" -o "$fstype" = "afs" ]; then
2283 ufs_fscklist="$ufs_fscklist $fsckdev"
2284 saveentry $fstype "$OPTIONS" $special $mountp
2289 </itemizedlist></para>
2291 </orderedlist></para>
2294 <primary>configuring</primary>
2296 <secondary>AFS server partition on first AFS machine</secondary>
2298 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
2302 <primary>AFS server partition</primary>
2304 <secondary>configuring on first AFS machine</secondary>
2306 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
2310 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2312 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
2314 <tertiary>on Solaris</tertiary>
2318 <primary>Solaris</primary>
2320 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
2322 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
2326 <sect2 id="HDRWQ48">
2327 <title>Configuring Server Partitions on Solaris Systems</title>
2329 <para>Every AFS file server machine must have at least one partition or logical volume dedicated to storing AFS volumes. Each
2330 server partition is mounted at a directory named <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>, where
2331 <replaceable>xx</replaceable> is one or two lowercase letters. The <emphasis
2332 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directories must reside in the file server machine's root
2333 directory, not in one of its subdirectories (for example, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vicepa</emphasis> is not an acceptable
2334 directory location). For additional information, see <link linkend="HDRWQ20">Performing Platform-Specific Procedures</link>.
2337 <para>Create a directory called <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> for each AFS server
2338 partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition. <programlisting>
2339 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>
2340 </programlisting></para>
2344 <para>Add a line with the following format to the file systems registry file, <emphasis
2345 role="bold">/etc/vfstab</emphasis>, for each partition to be mounted on a directory created in the previous step. Note
2346 the value <computeroutput>afs</computeroutput> in the fourth field, which tells Solaris to use the AFS-modified
2347 <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program on this partition. <programlisting>
2348 /dev/dsk/<replaceable>disk</replaceable> /dev/rdsk/<replaceable>disk</replaceable> /vicep<replaceable>xx</replaceable> afs <replaceable>boot_order</replaceable> yes
2349 </programlisting></para>
2351 <para>The following is an example for the first partition being configured.</para>
2354 /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s1 /dev/rdsk/c0t6d0s1 /vicepa afs 3 yes
2359 <para>Create a file system on each partition that is to be mounted at a <emphasis
2360 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directory. The following command is probably appropriate, but
2361 consult the Solaris documentation for more information. <programlisting>
2362 # <emphasis role="bold">newfs -v /dev/rdsk/</emphasis><replaceable>disk</replaceable>
2363 </programlisting></para>
2367 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">mountall</emphasis> command to mount all partitions at once.</para>
2371 <para>If you plan to retain client functionality on this machine after completing the installation, proceed to <link
2372 linkend="HDRWQ49">Enabling AFS Login and Editing the File Systems Clean-up Script on Solaris Systems</link>. Otherwise,
2373 proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>.</para>
2375 </orderedlist></para>
2378 <sect2 id="HDRWQ49">
2379 <title>Enabling AFS Login on Solaris Systems</title>
2381 <primary>enabling AFS login</primary>
2383 <secondary>file server machine</secondary>
2385 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
2389 <primary>AFS login</primary>
2391 <secondary>on file server machine</secondary>
2393 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
2397 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2399 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
2401 <tertiary>on Solaris</tertiary>
2405 <primary>Solaris</primary>
2407 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
2409 <tertiary>on file server machine</tertiary>
2413 <primary>PAM</primary>
2415 <secondary>on Solaris</secondary>
2417 <tertiary>file server machine</tertiary>
2421 <para>If you plan to remove client functionality from this machine after completing the installation, skip this section and
2422 proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>.</para>
2425 <para>At this point you incorporate AFS into the operating system's
2426 Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) scheme. PAM integrates all
2427 authentication mechanisms on the machine, including login, to provide
2428 the security infrastructure for authenticated access to and from the
2431 <para>Explaining PAM is beyond the scope of this document. It is
2432 assumed that you understand the syntax and meanings of settings in the
2433 PAM configuration file (for example, how the
2434 <computeroutput>other</computeroutput> entry works, the effect of
2435 marking an entry as <computeroutput>required</computeroutput>,
2436 <computeroutput>optional</computeroutput>, or
2437 <computeroutput>sufficient</computeroutput>, and so on).</para>
2439 <para>You should first configure your system to obtain Kerberos v5
2440 tickets as part of the authentication process, and then run an AFS PAM
2441 module to obtain tokens from those tickets after authentication.
2442 Current versions of Solaris come with a Kerberos v5 PAM module that
2443 will work, or you can download and install <ulink
2444 url="http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/pam-krb5">Russ Allbery's
2445 Kerberos v5 PAM module</ulink>, which is tested regularly with AFS.
2446 See the instructions of whatever PAM module you use for how to
2447 configure it.</para>
2449 <para>Some Kerberos v5 PAM modules do come with native AFS support
2450 (usually requiring the Heimdal Kerberos implementation rather than the
2451 MIT Kerberos implementation). If you are using one of those PAM
2452 modules, you can configure it to obtain AFS tokens. It's more common,
2453 however, to separate the AFS token acquisition into a separate PAM
2456 <para>The recommended AFS PAM module is <ulink
2457 url="http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/pam-afs-session/">Russ
2458 Allbery's pam-afs-session module</ulink>. It should work with any of
2459 the Kerberos v5 PAM modules. To add it to the PAM configuration, you
2460 often only need to add configuration to the session group in
2461 <filename>pam.conf</filename>:</para>
2464 <title>Solaris PAM session example</title>
2465 <literallayout>login session required pam_afs_session.so</literallayout>
2468 <para>This example enables PAM authentication only for console login.
2469 You may want to add a similar line for the ssh service and for any
2470 other login service that you use, including possibly the
2471 <literal>other</literal> service (which serves as a catch-all). You
2472 may also want to add options to the AFS PAM session module
2473 (particularly <literal>retain_after_close</literal>, which is
2474 necessary for some versions of Solaris.</para>
2476 <para>For additional configuration examples and the configuration
2477 options of the AFS PAM module, see its documentation. For more
2478 details on the available options for the PAM configuration, see the
2479 <filename>pam.conf</filename> manual page.</para>
2481 <para>Sites which still require <emphasis
2482 role="bold">kaserver</emphasis> or external Kerberos v4 authentication
2483 should consult <link linkend="KAS016">Enabling kaserver based AFS
2484 Login on Solaris Systems"</link> for details of how to enable AFS
2485 login on Solaris.</para>
2487 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ49a">Editing the File Systems
2488 Clean-up Script on Solaris Systems</link></para>
2490 <sect2 id="HDRWQ49a">
2491 <title>Editing the File Systems Clean-up Script on Solaris Systems</title>
2493 <primary>Solaris</primary>
2495 <secondary>file systems clean-up script</secondary>
2497 <tertiary>on file server machine</tertiary>
2501 <primary>file systems clean-up script (Solaris)</primary>
2503 <secondary>file server machine</secondary>
2507 <primary>scripts</primary>
2509 <secondary>file systems clean-up (Solaris)</secondary>
2511 <tertiary>file server machine</tertiary>
2517 <para>Some Solaris distributions include a script that locates and removes unneeded files from various file systems. Its
2518 conventional location is <emphasis role="bold">/usr/lib/fs/nfs/nfsfind</emphasis>. The script generally uses an argument
2519 to the <emphasis role="bold">find</emphasis> command to define which file systems to search. In this step you modify the
2520 command to exclude the <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory. Otherwise, the command traverses the AFS
2521 filespace of every cell that is accessible from the machine, which can take many hours. The following alterations are
2522 possibilities, but you must verify that they are appropriate for your cell.</para>
2524 <para>The first possible alteration is to add the <emphasis role="bold">-local</emphasis> flag to the existing command,
2525 so that it looks like the following:</para>
2528 find $dir -local -name .nfs\* -mtime +7 -mount -exec rm -f {} \;
2531 <para>Another alternative is to exclude any directories whose names begin with the lowercase letter <emphasis
2532 role="bold">a</emphasis> or a non-alphabetic character.</para>
2535 find /[A-Zb-z]* <replaceable>remainder of existing command</replaceable>
2538 <para>Do not use the following command, which still searches under the <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory,
2539 looking for a subdirectory of type <emphasis role="bold">4.2</emphasis>.</para>
2542 find / -fstype 4.2 /* <replaceable>do not use</replaceable> */
2547 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link> (or if referring to these instructions while
2548 installing an additional file server machine, return to <link linkend="HDRWQ108">Starting Server
2549 Programs</link>).</para>
2554 <primary>Basic OverSeer Server</primary>
2556 <see>BOS Server</see>
2560 <primary>BOS Server</primary>
2562 <secondary>starting</secondary>
2564 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2568 <primary>starting</primary>
2570 <secondary>BOS Server</secondary>
2572 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2576 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2578 <secondary>BOS Server</secondary>
2582 <primary>authorization checking (disabling)</primary>
2584 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2588 <primary>disabling authorization checking</primary>
2590 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2594 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2596 <secondary>authorization checking (disabling)</secondary>
2600 <sect1 id="HDRWQ50">
2601 <title>Starting the BOS Server</title>
2603 <para>You are now ready to start the AFS server processes on this machine.
2604 If you are not working from a packaged distribution, begin by copying the
2605 AFS server binaries from the distribution to the conventional local disk
2606 location, the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis> directory. The
2607 following instructions also create files in other subdirectories of the
2608 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs</emphasis> directory.</para>
2610 <para>Then issue the <emphasis role="bold">bosserver</emphasis> command to initialize the Basic OverSeer (BOS) Server, which
2611 monitors and controls other AFS server processes on its server machine. Include the <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2612 flag to disable authorization checking. Because you have not yet configured your cell's AFS authentication and authorization
2613 mechanisms, the BOS Server cannot perform authorization checking as it does during normal operation. In no-authorization mode,
2614 it does not verify the identity or privilege of the issuer of a <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis> command, and so performs
2615 any operation for anyone.</para>
2617 <para>Disabling authorization checking gravely compromises cell security. You must complete all subsequent steps in one
2618 uninterrupted pass and must not leave the machine unattended until you restart the BOS Server with authorization checking
2619 enabled, in <link linkend="HDRWQ72">Verifying the AFS Initialization Script</link>.</para>
2621 <para>As it initializes for the first time, the BOS Server creates the following directories and files, setting the owner to the
2622 local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis> and the mode bits to limit the ability to write (and in some cases, read)
2623 them. For a description of the contents and function of these directories and files, see the chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS
2624 Administration Guide</emphasis> about administering server machines. For further discussion of the mode bit settings, see <link
2625 linkend="HDRWQ96">Protecting Sensitive AFS Directories</link>. <indexterm>
2626 <primary>Binary Distribution</primary>
2628 <secondary>copying server files from</secondary>
2630 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2631 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2632 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2634 <secondary>subdirectories of /usr/afs</secondary>
2635 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2636 <primary>creating</primary>
2638 <secondary>/usr/afs/bin directory</secondary>
2640 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2641 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2642 <primary>creating</primary>
2644 <secondary>/usr/afs/etc directory</secondary>
2646 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2647 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2648 <primary>copying</primary>
2650 <secondary>server files to local disk</secondary>
2652 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2653 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2654 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2656 <secondary>copying</secondary>
2658 <tertiary>server files to local disk</tertiary>
2659 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2660 <primary>usr/afs/bin directory</primary>
2662 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2663 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2664 <primary>usr/afs/etc directory</primary>
2666 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2667 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2668 <primary>usr/afs/db directory</primary>
2669 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2670 <primary>usr/afs/local directory</primary>
2671 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2672 <primary>usr/afs/logs directory</primary>
2673 </indexterm> <itemizedlist>
2675 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/db</emphasis></para>
2679 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/CellServDB</emphasis></para>
2683 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/ThisCell</emphasis></para>
2687 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/local</emphasis></para>
2691 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/logs</emphasis></para>
2693 </itemizedlist></para>
2695 <para>The BOS Server also creates symbolic links called <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/ThisCell</emphasis> and <emphasis
2696 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> to the corresponding files in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis>
2697 directory. The AFS command interpreters consult the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> and <emphasis
2698 role="bold">ThisCell</emphasis> files in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory because they generally run
2699 on client machines. On machines that are AFS servers only (as this machine currently is), the files reside only in the <emphasis
2700 role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis> directory; the links enable the command interpreters to retrieve the information they need.
2701 Later instructions for installing the client functionality replace the links with actual files. <orderedlist>
2703 <para>If you are not working from a packaged distribution, you may need to copy files from the distribution media to the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs</emphasis> directory.
2705 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /tmp/afsdist/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/root.server/usr/afs</emphasis>
2706 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp * /usr/afs</emphasis>
2707 </programlisting> <indexterm>
2708 <primary>commands</primary>
2710 <secondary>bosserver</secondary>
2711 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2712 <primary>bosserver command</primary>
2717 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bosserver</emphasis> command. Include the <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2718 flag to disable authorization checking. <programlisting>
2719 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/bosserver -noauth &</emphasis>
2720 </programlisting></para>
2724 <para>Verify that the BOS Server created <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/ThisCell</emphasis> and <emphasis
2725 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> as symbolic links to the corresponding files in the <emphasis
2726 role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis> directory. <programlisting>
2727 # <emphasis role="bold">ls -l /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
2728 </programlisting></para>
2730 <para>If either or both of <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/ThisCell</emphasis> and <emphasis
2731 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> do not exist, or are not links, issue the following commands.</para>
2734 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
2735 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/afs/etc/ThisCell</emphasis>
2736 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/afs/etc/CellServDB</emphasis>
2739 </orderedlist></para>
2742 <primary>cell name</primary>
2744 <secondary>defining during installation of first machine</secondary>
2748 <primary>defining</primary>
2750 <secondary>cell name during installation of first machine</secondary>
2754 <primary>cell name</primary>
2756 <secondary>setting in server ThisCell file</secondary>
2758 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2762 <primary>setting</primary>
2764 <secondary>cell name in server ThisCell file</secondary>
2766 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2770 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2772 <secondary>ThisCell file (server)</secondary>
2776 <primary>usr/afs/etc/ThisCell</primary>
2778 <see>ThisCell file (server)</see>
2782 <primary>ThisCell file (server)</primary>
2784 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2788 <primary>files</primary>
2790 <secondary>ThisCell (server)</secondary>
2794 <primary>database server machine</primary>
2796 <secondary>entry in server CellServDB file</secondary>
2798 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
2802 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2804 <secondary>cell membership, defining</secondary>
2806 <tertiary>for server processes</tertiary>
2810 <primary>usr/afs/etc/CellServDB file</primary>
2812 <see>CellServDB file (server)</see>
2816 <primary>CellServDB file (server)</primary>
2818 <secondary>creating</secondary>
2820 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
2824 <primary>creating</primary>
2826 <secondary>CellServDB file (server)</secondary>
2828 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2832 <primary>files</primary>
2834 <secondary>CellServDB (server)</secondary>
2838 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2840 <secondary>CellServDB file (server)</secondary>
2844 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2846 <secondary>defining</secondary>
2848 <tertiary>as database server</tertiary>
2852 <primary>defining</primary>
2854 <secondary>first AFS machine as database server</secondary>
2858 <sect1 id="HDRWQ51">
2859 <title>Defining Cell Name and Membership for Server Processes</title>
2861 <para>Now assign your cell's name. The chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about cell configuration
2862 and administration issues discusses the important considerations, explains why changing the name is difficult, and outlines the
2863 restrictions on name format. Two of the most important restrictions are that the name cannot include uppercase letters or more
2864 than 64 characters.</para>
2866 <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">bos setcellname</emphasis> command to assign the cell name. It creates two files:
2869 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/ThisCell</emphasis>, which defines this machine's cell membership</para>
2873 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/CellServDB</emphasis>, which lists the cell's database server machines; the
2874 machine named on the command line is placed on the list automatically</para>
2876 </itemizedlist> <note>
2877 <para>In the following and every instruction in this guide, for the <replaceable>machine name</replaceable> argument
2878 substitute the fully-qualified hostname (such as <emphasis role="bold">fs1.example.com</emphasis>) of the machine you are
2879 installing. For the <replaceable>cell name</replaceable> argument substitute your cell's complete name (such as <emphasis
2880 role="bold">example.com</emphasis>).</para>
2884 <primary>commands</primary>
2886 <secondary>bos setcellname</secondary>
2890 <primary>bos commands</primary>
2892 <secondary>setcellname</secondary>
2897 <para>If necessary, add the directory containing the <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis> command to your path.
2899 # <emphasis role="bold">export PATH=$PATH:/usr/afs/bin</emphasis>
2905 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos setcellname</emphasis> command to set the cell name. <programlisting>
2906 # <emphasis role="bold">bos setcellname</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis
2907 role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2908 </programlisting></para>
2910 <para>Because you are not authenticated and authorization checking is disabled, the <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis>
2911 command interpreter possibly produces error messages about being unable to obtain tickets and running unauthenticated. You
2912 can safely ignore the messages. <indexterm>
2913 <primary>commands</primary>
2915 <secondary>bos listhosts</secondary>
2916 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2917 <primary>bos commands</primary>
2919 <secondary>listhosts</secondary>
2920 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2921 <primary>CellServDB file (server)</primary>
2923 <secondary>displaying entries</secondary>
2924 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2925 <primary>displaying</primary>
2927 <secondary>CellServDB file (server) entries</secondary>
2932 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos listhosts</emphasis> command to verify that the machine you are installing is now
2933 registered as the cell's first database server machine. <programlisting>
2934 # <emphasis role="bold">bos listhosts</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2935 Cell name is <replaceable>cell_name</replaceable>
2936 Host 1 is <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable>
2937 </programlisting></para>
2942 <primary>database server machine</primary>
2944 <secondary>installing</secondary>
2946 <tertiary>first</tertiary>
2950 <primary>instructions</primary>
2952 <secondary>database server machine, installing first</secondary>
2956 <primary>installing</primary>
2958 <secondary>database server machine</secondary>
2960 <tertiary>first</tertiary>
2964 <primary>Backup Server</primary>
2966 <secondary>starting</secondary>
2968 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2972 <primary>buserver process</primary>
2974 <see>Backup Server</see>
2978 <primary>starting</primary>
2980 <secondary>Backup Server</secondary>
2982 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2986 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2988 <secondary>Backup Server</secondary>
2992 <primary>Protection Server</primary>
2994 <secondary>starting</secondary>
2996 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3000 <primary>ptserver process</primary>
3002 <see>Protection Server</see>
3006 <primary>starting</primary>
3008 <secondary>Protection Server</secondary>
3010 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3014 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3016 <secondary>Protection Server</secondary>
3020 <primary>VL Server (vlserver process)</primary>
3022 <secondary>starting</secondary>
3024 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3028 <primary>Volume Location Server</primary>
3030 <see>VL Server</see>
3034 <primary>starting</primary>
3036 <secondary>VL Server</secondary>
3038 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3042 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3044 <secondary>VL Server</secondary>
3048 <primary>usr/afs/local/BosConfig</primary>
3050 <see>BosConfig file</see>
3054 <primary>BosConfig file</primary>
3056 <secondary>adding entries</secondary>
3058 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3062 <primary>adding</primary>
3064 <secondary>entries to BosConfig file</secondary>
3066 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3070 <primary>files</primary>
3072 <secondary>BosConfig</secondary>
3076 <primary>initializing</primary>
3078 <secondary>server process</secondary>
3084 <primary>server process</primary>
3086 <secondary>see also entry for each server's name</secondary>
3090 <sect1 id="HDRWQ52">
3091 <title>Starting the Database Server Processes</title>
3093 <para>Next use the <emphasis role="bold">bos create</emphasis> command to create entries for the three database server processes
3094 in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/local/BosConfig</emphasis> file and start them running. The three processes run on database
3095 server machines only: <itemizedlist>
3098 <para>The Backup Server (the <emphasis role="bold">buserver</emphasis> process) maintains the Backup Database</para>
3102 <para>The Protection Server (the <emphasis role="bold">ptserver</emphasis> process) maintains the Protection
3107 <para>The Volume Location (VL) Server (the <emphasis role="bold">vlserver</emphasis> process) maintains the Volume
3108 Location Database (VLDB)</para>
3110 </itemizedlist></para>
3113 <primary>Kerberos</primary>
3117 <para>AFS ships with an additional database server named 'kaserver', which
3118 was historically used to provide authentication services to AFS cells.
3119 kaserver was based on <emphasis>Kerberos v4</emphasis>, as such, it is
3120 not recommended for new cells. This guide assumes you have already
3121 configured a Kerberos v5 realm for your site, and details the procedures
3122 required to use AFS with this realm. If you do wish to use
3123 <emphasis role="bold">kaserver</emphasis>, please see the modifications
3124 to these instructions detailed in
3125 <link linkend="KAS006">Starting the kaserver Database Server Process</link>
3129 <para>The remaining instructions in this chapter include the <emphasis role="bold">-cell</emphasis> argument on all applicable
3130 commands. Provide the cell name you assigned in <link linkend="HDRWQ51">Defining Cell Name and Membership for Server
3131 Processes</link>. If a command appears on multiple lines, it is only for legibility. <indexterm>
3132 <primary>commands</primary>
3134 <secondary>bos create</secondary>
3135 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3136 <primary>bos commands</primary>
3138 <secondary>create</secondary>
3139 </indexterm> <orderedlist>
3141 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos create</emphasis> command to start the Backup Server. <programlisting>
3142 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">buserver simple /usr/afs/bin/buserver</emphasis> \
3143 <emphasis role="bold"> -cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
3144 </programlisting></para>
3148 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos create</emphasis> command to start the Protection Server. <programlisting>
3149 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">ptserver simple /usr/afs/bin/ptserver</emphasis> \
3150 <emphasis role="bold"> -cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
3151 </programlisting></para>
3155 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos create</emphasis> command to start the VL Server. <programlisting>
3156 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">vlserver simple /usr/afs/bin/vlserver</emphasis> \
3157 <emphasis role="bold"> -cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
3158 </programlisting></para>
3160 </orderedlist></para>
3163 <primary>admin account</primary>
3165 <secondary>creating</secondary>
3169 <primary>afs entry in Kerberos Database</primary>
3173 <primary>Kerberos Database</primary>
3177 <primary>creating</primary>
3179 <secondary>afs entry in Kerberos Database</secondary>
3183 <primary>creating</primary>
3185 <secondary>admin account in Kerberos Database</secondary>
3189 <primary>security</primary>
3191 <secondary>initializing cell-wide</secondary>
3195 <primary>cell</primary>
3197 <secondary>initializing security mechanisms</secondary>
3201 <primary>initializing</primary>
3203 <secondary>cell security mechanisms</secondary>
3207 <primary>usr/afs/etc/KeyFile</primary>
3209 <see>KeyFile file</see>
3213 <primary>KeyFile file</primary>
3215 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
3219 <primary>files</primary>
3221 <secondary>KeyFile</secondary>
3225 <primary>key</primary>
3227 <see>server encryption key</see>
3231 <primary>encryption key</primary>
3233 <see>server encryption key</see>
3237 <sect1 id="HDRWQ53">
3238 <title>Initializing Cell Security </title>
3240 <para>If you are working with an existing cell which uses
3241 <emphasis role="bold">kaserver</emphasis> or Kerberos v4 for authentication,
3243 <link linkend="HDRWQ53">Initializing Cell Security with kaserver</link>
3244 for installation instructions which replace this section.</para>
3246 <para>Now initialize the cell's security mechanisms. Begin by creating the following two entires in your site's Kerberos database: <itemizedlist>
3248 <para>A generic administrative account, called <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> by convention. If you choose to
3249 assign a different name, substitute it throughout the remainder of this document.</para>
3251 <para>After you complete the installation of the first machine, you can continue to have all administrators use the
3252 <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> account, or you can create a separate administrative account for each of them. The
3253 latter scheme implies somewhat more overhead, but provides a more informative audit trail for administrative
3258 <para>The entry for AFS server processes, called either
3259 <emphasis role="bold">afs</emphasis> or
3260 <emphasis role="bold">afs/<replaceable>cell</replaceable></emphasis>.
3261 No user logs in under this identity, but it is used to encrypt the
3262 server tickets that granted to AFS clients for presentation to
3263 server processes during mutual authentication. (The
3264 chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about cell configuration and administration describes the
3265 role of server encryption keys in mutual authentication.)</para>
3267 <para>In Step <link linkend="LIWQ58">7</link>, you also place the initial AFS server encryption key into the <emphasis
3268 role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/KeyFile</emphasis> file. The AFS server processes refer to this file to learn the server
3269 encryption key when they need to decrypt server tickets.</para>
3271 </itemizedlist></para>
3273 <para>You also issue several commands that enable the new <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> user to issue privileged
3274 commands in all of the AFS suites.</para>
3276 <para>The following instructions do not configure all of the security mechanisms related to the AFS Backup System. See the
3277 chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about configuring the Backup System.</para>
3279 <para>The examples below assume you are using MIT Kerberos. Please refer
3280 to the documentation for your KDC's administrative interface if you are
3281 using a different vendor</para>
3285 <para>Enter <emphasis role="bold">kadmin</emphasis> interactive mode.
3287 # <emphasis role="bold">kadmin</emphasis>
3288 Authenticating as principal <replaceable>you</replaceable>/admin@<replaceable>YOUR REALM</replaceable> with password
3289 Password for <replaceable>you/admin@REALM</replaceable>: <replaceable>your_password</replaceable>
3290 </programlisting> <indexterm>
3291 <primary>server encryption key</primary>
3293 <secondary>in Kerberos Database</secondary>
3294 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3295 <primary>creating</primary>
3297 <secondary>server encryption key</secondary>
3299 <tertiary>Kerberos Database</tertiary>
3304 <para><anchor id="LIWQ54" />Issue the
3305 <emphasis role="bold">add_principal</emphasis> command to create
3306 Kerberos Database entries called
3307 <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> and
3308 <emphasis role="bold">afs/<<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>></emphasis>.</para>
3310 <para>You should make the <replaceable>admin_passwd</replaceable> as
3311 long and complex as possible, but keep in mind that administrators
3312 need to enter it often. It must be at least six characters long.</para>
3313 <para>Note that when creating the
3314 <emphasis role="bold">afs/<<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>></emphasis>
3315 entry, the encryption types should be restricted to des-cbc-crc:v4.
3316 For more details regarding encryption types, see the documentation
3317 for your Kerberos installation.
3320 kadmin: <emphasis role="bold">add_principal -randkey -e des-cbc-crc:v4 afs/</emphasis><<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>>
3321 Principal "afs/<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>@<replaceable>REALM</replaceable>" created.
3322 kadmin: <emphasis role="bold">add_principal admin</emphasis>
3323 Enter password for principal "admin@<replaceable>REALM</replaceable>": <emphasis role="bold"><replaceable>admin_password</replaceable></emphasis>
3324 Principal "admin@<replaceable>REALM</replaceable>" created.
3329 <primary>commands</primary>
3331 <secondary>kas examine</secondary>
3335 <primary>kas commands</primary>
3337 <secondary>examine</secondary>
3341 <primary>displaying</primary>
3343 <secondary>server encryption key</secondary>
3345 <tertiary>Authentication Database</tertiary>
3350 <para><anchor id="LIWQ55" />Issue the <emphasis role="bold">kadmin
3351 get_principal</emphasis> command to display the <emphasis
3352 role="bold">afs/</emphasis><<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> entry.
3354 kadmin: <emphasis role="bold">get_principal afs/<<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>></emphasis>
3355 Principal: afs/<replaceable>cell</replaceable>
3357 Key: vno 2, DES cbc mode with CRC-32, no salt
3363 <para>Extract the newly created key for <emphasis role="bold">afs/<replaceable>cell</replaceable></emphasis> to a keytab on the local machine. We will use <emphasis role="bold">/etc/afs.keytab</emphasis> as the location for this keytab.</para>
3365 <para>The keytab contains the key material that ensures the security of your AFS cell. You should ensure that it is kept in a secure location at all times.</para>
3368 kadmin: <emphasis role="bold">ktadd -k /etc/afs.keytab -e des-cbc-crc:v4 afs/<<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>></emphasis>
3369 Entry for principal afs/<<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> with kvno 3, encryption type DES cbc mode with CRC-32 added to keytab WRFILE:/etc/afs.keytab
3371 <para>Make a note of the key version number (kvno) given in the
3372 response, as you will need it to load the key into bos in a later
3375 <note><para>Note that each time you run
3376 <emphasis role="bold">ktadd</emphasis> a new key is generated
3377 for the item being extracted. This means that you cannot run ktadd
3378 multiple times and end up with the same key material each time.
3383 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">kadmin quit</emphasis> command to leave <emphasis role="bold">kadmin</emphasis>
3384 interactive mode. <programlisting>
3385 kadmin: <emphasis role="bold">quit</emphasis>
3386 </programlisting> <indexterm>
3387 <primary>commands</primary>
3389 <secondary>bos adduser</secondary>
3390 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3391 <primary>bos commands</primary>
3393 <secondary>adduser</secondary>
3394 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3395 <primary>usr/afs/etc/UserList</primary>
3397 <see>UserList file</see>
3398 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3399 <primary>UserList file</primary>
3401 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
3402 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3403 <primary>files</primary>
3405 <secondary>UserList</secondary>
3406 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3407 <primary>creating</primary>
3409 <secondary>UserList file entry</secondary>
3410 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3411 <primary>admin account</primary>
3413 <secondary>adding</secondary>
3415 <tertiary>to UserList file</tertiary>
3420 <para><anchor id="LIWQ57" />Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos adduser</emphasis> command to add the <emphasis
3421 role="bold">admin</emphasis> user to the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/UserList</emphasis> file. This enables the
3422 <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> user to issue privileged <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis> and <emphasis
3423 role="bold">vos</emphasis> commands. <programlisting>
3424 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos adduser</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">admin -cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis
3425 role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
3428 <primary>commands</primary>
3429 <secondary>asetkey</secondary>
3432 <primary>creating</primary>
3433 <secondary>server encryption key</secondary>
3434 <tertiary>KeyFile file</tertiary>
3437 <primary>server encryption key</primary>
3438 <secondary>in KeyFile file</secondary>
3443 <para><anchor id="LIWQ58" />Issue the
3444 <emphasis role="bold">asetkey</emphasis> command to set the AFS
3445 server encryption key in the
3446 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/KeyFile</emphasis> file. This key
3447 is created from the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/afs.keytab</emphasis>
3448 file created earlier.</para>
3450 <para>asetkey requires the key version number (or kvno) of the
3451 <emphasis role="bold">afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cell</replaceable>
3452 key. You should have noted this down when creating the key earlier.
3453 The key version number can also be found by running the
3454 <emphasis role="bold">kvno</emphasis> command</para>
3456 # <emphasis role="bold">kvno afs/</emphasis><<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>>
3459 <para>Once the kvno is known, the key can then be extracted using
3462 # <emphasis role="bold">asetkey add</emphasis> <<replaceable>kvno</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">/etc/afs.keytab afs/</emphasis><<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>>
3466 <primary>commands</primary>
3467 <secondary>bos listkeys</secondary>
3471 <primary>bos commands</primary>
3472 <secondary>listkeys</secondary>
3476 <primary>displaying</primary>
3477 <secondary>server encryption key</secondary>
3478 <tertiary>KeyFile file</tertiary>
3483 <para><anchor id="LIWQ59" />Issue the
3484 <emphasis role="bold">bos listkeys</emphasis> command to verify that
3485 the key version number for the new key in the
3486 <emphasis role="bold">KeyFile</emphasis> file is the same as the key
3487 version number in the Authentication Database's
3488 <emphasis role="bold">afs/<replaceable>cell name</replaceable></emphasis>
3489 entry, which you displayed in Step <link linkend="LIWQ55">3</link>.
3491 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos listkeys</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis
3492 role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
3493 key 0 has cksum <replaceable>checksum</replaceable>
3494 </programlisting></para>
3496 <para>You can safely ignore any error messages indicating that <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis> failed to get tickets
3497 or that authentication failed.</para>
3501 <sect1 id="HDRWQ53a">
3502 <title>Initializing the Protection Database</title>
3504 <para>Now continue to configure your cell's security systems by
3505 populating the Protection Database with the newly created
3506 <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> user, and permitting it
3507 to issue priviledged commands on the AFS filesystem.</para>
3512 <primary>commands</primary>
3513 <secondary>pts createuser</secondary>
3517 <primary>pts commands</primary>
3518 <secondary>createuser</secondary>
3522 <primary>Protection Database</primary>
3524 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts createuser</emphasis> command to create a Protection Database entry for the
3525 <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> user.</para>
3527 <para>By default, the Protection Server assigns AFS UID 1 (one) to the <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> user,
3528 because it is the first user entry you are creating. If the local password file (<emphasis
3529 role="bold">/etc/passwd</emphasis> or equivalent) already has an entry for <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> that
3530 assigns it a UNIX UID other than 1, it is best to use the <emphasis role="bold">-id</emphasis> argument to the <emphasis
3531 role="bold">pts createuser</emphasis> command to make the new AFS UID match the existing UNIX UID. Otherwise, it is best
3532 to accept the default.</para>
3535 # <emphasis role="bold">pts createuser -name admin -cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> [<emphasis
3536 role="bold">-id</emphasis> <<replaceable>AFS UID</replaceable>>] <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
3537 User admin has id <replaceable>AFS UID</replaceable>
3541 <primary>commands</primary>
3542 <secondary>pts adduser</secondary>
3546 <primary>pts commands</primary>
3547 <secondary>adduser</secondary>
3551 <primary>system:administrators group</primary>
3555 <primary>admin account</primary>
3556 <secondary>adding</secondary>
3557 <tertiary>to system:administrators group</tertiary>
3562 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser</emphasis> command to make the <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis>
3563 user a member of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group, and the <emphasis role="bold">pts
3564 membership</emphasis> command to verify the new membership. Membership in the group enables the <emphasis
3565 role="bold">admin</emphasis> user to issue privileged <emphasis role="bold">pts</emphasis> commands and some privileged
3566 <emphasis role="bold">fs</emphasis> commands. <programlisting>
3567 # <emphasis role="bold">./pts adduser admin system:administrators -cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis
3568 role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
3569 # <emphasis role="bold">./pts membership admin -cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis
3570 role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
3571 Groups admin (id: 1) is a member of:
3572 system:administrators
3573 </programlisting> <indexterm>
3574 <primary>commands</primary>
3575 <secondary>bos restart</secondary>
3576 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
3577 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3578 <primary>bos commands</primary>
3579 <secondary>restart</secondary>
3580 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
3581 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3582 <primary>restarting server process</primary>
3583 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
3584 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3585 <primary>server process</primary>
3586 <secondary>restarting</secondary>
3587 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
3592 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos restart</emphasis> command with the <emphasis role="bold">-all</emphasis> flag
3593 to restart the database server processes, so that they start using the new server encryption key. <programlisting>
3594 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos restart</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-all -cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis
3595 role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
3596 </programlisting></para>
3601 <primary>File Server</primary>
3603 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
3607 <primary>fileserver process</primary>
3609 <see>File Server</see>
3613 <primary>starting</primary>
3615 <secondary>File Server</secondary>
3617 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3621 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3623 <secondary>File Server, fs process</secondary>
3627 <primary>Volume Server</primary>
3629 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
3633 <primary>volserver process</primary>
3635 <see>Volume Server</see>
3639 <primary>starting</primary>
3641 <secondary>Volume Server</secondary>
3643 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3647 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3649 <secondary>Volume Server</secondary>
3653 <primary>Salvager (salvager process)</primary>
3655 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
3659 <primary>fs process</primary>
3661 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
3665 <primary>starting</primary>
3667 <secondary>fs process</secondary>
3669 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3673 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3675 <secondary>Salvager</secondary>
3679 <sect1 id="HDRWQ60">
3680 <title>Starting the File Server, Volume Server, and Salvager</title>
3682 <para>Start the <emphasis role="bold">fs</emphasis> process, which consists of the File Server, Volume Server, and Salvager
3683 (<emphasis role="bold">fileserver</emphasis>, <emphasis role="bold">volserver</emphasis> and <emphasis
3684 role="bold">salvager</emphasis> processes). <orderedlist>
3686 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos create</emphasis> command to start the <emphasis role="bold">fs</emphasis>
3687 process. The command appears here on multiple lines only for legibility. <programlisting>
3688 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">fs fs /usr/afs/bin/fileserver</emphasis> \
3689 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/volserver /usr/afs/bin/salvager</emphasis> \
3690 <emphasis role="bold">-cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
3691 </programlisting></para>
3693 <para>Sometimes a message about Volume Location Database (VLDB) initialization appears, along with one or more instances
3694 of an error message similar to the following:</para>
3697 FSYNC_clientInit temporary failure (will retry)
3700 <para>This message appears when the <emphasis role="bold">volserver</emphasis> process tries to start before the <emphasis
3701 role="bold">fileserver</emphasis> process has completed its initialization. Wait a few minutes after the last such message
3702 before continuing, to guarantee that both processes have started successfully. <indexterm>
3703 <primary>commands</primary>
3705 <secondary>bos status</secondary>
3706 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3707 <primary>bos commands</primary>
3709 <secondary>status</secondary>
3712 <para>You can verify that the <emphasis role="bold">fs</emphasis> process has started successfully by issuing the
3713 <emphasis role="bold">bos status</emphasis> command. Its output mentions two <computeroutput>proc
3714 starts</computeroutput>.</para>
3717 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos status</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">fs -long -noauth</emphasis>
3722 <para>Your next action depends on whether you have ever run AFS file server machines in the cell: <itemizedlist>
3724 <primary>commands</primary>
3726 <secondary>vos create</secondary>
3728 <tertiary>root.afs volume</tertiary>
3732 <primary>vos commands</primary>
3734 <secondary>create</secondary>
3736 <tertiary>root.afs volume</tertiary>
3740 <primary>root.afs volume</primary>
3742 <secondary>creating</secondary>
3746 <primary>volume</primary>
3748 <secondary>creating</secondary>
3750 <tertiary>root.afs</tertiary>
3754 <primary>creating</primary>
3756 <secondary>root.afs volume</secondary>
3760 <para>If you are installing the first AFS server machine ever in the cell (that is, you are not upgrading the AFS
3761 software from a previous version), create the first AFS volume, <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis>.</para>
3763 <para>For the <replaceable>partition name</replaceable> argument, substitute the name of one of the machine's AFS
3764 server partitions (such as <emphasis role="bold">/vicepa</emphasis>).</para>
3767 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <emphasis
3768 role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> \
3769 <emphasis role="bold">-cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
3772 <para>The Volume Server produces a message confirming that it created the volume on the specified partition. You can
3773 ignore error messages indicating that tokens are missing, or that authentication failed. <indexterm>
3774 <primary>commands</primary>
3776 <secondary>vos syncvldb</secondary>
3777 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3778 <primary>vos commands</primary>
3780 <secondary>syncvldb</secondary>
3781 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3782 <primary>commands</primary>
3784 <secondary>vos syncserv</secondary>
3785 </indexterm> <indexterm>
3786 <primary>vos commands</primary>
3788 <secondary>syncserv</secondary>
3793 <para>If there are existing AFS file server machines and volumes in the cell, issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos
3794 syncvldb</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">vos syncserv</emphasis> commands to synchronize the VLDB with the
3795 actual state of volumes on the local machine. To follow the progress of the synchronization operation, which can
3796 take several minutes, use the <emphasis role="bold">-verbose</emphasis> flag. <programlisting>
3797 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos syncvldb</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis
3798 role="bold">-verbose -noauth</emphasis>
3799 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos syncserv</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis
3800 role="bold">-verbose -noauth</emphasis>
3801 </programlisting></para>
3803 <para>You can ignore error messages indicating that tokens are missing, or that authentication failed.</para>
3805 </itemizedlist></para>
3807 </orderedlist></para>
3810 <primary>Update Server</primary>
3812 <secondary>starting server portion</secondary>
3814 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3818 <primary>upserver process</primary>
3820 <see>Update Server</see>
3824 <primary>starting</primary>
3826 <secondary>Update Server server portion</secondary>
3828 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3832 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3834 <secondary>Update Server server portion</secondary>
3838 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3840 <secondary>defining</secondary>
3842 <tertiary>as binary distribution machine</tertiary>
3846 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3848 <secondary>defining</secondary>
3850 <tertiary>as system control machine</tertiary>
3854 <primary>system control machine</primary>
3858 <primary>binary distribution machine</primary>
3862 <sect1 id="HDRWQ61">
3863 <title>Starting the Server Portion of the Update Server</title>
3865 <para>Start the server portion of the Update Server (the <emphasis role="bold">upserver</emphasis> process), to distribute the
3866 contents of directories on this machine to other server machines in the cell. It becomes active when you configure the client
3867 portion of the Update Server on additional server machines.</para>
3869 <para>Distributing the contents of its <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis> directory makes this machine the cell's
3870 <emphasis>system control machine</emphasis>. The other server machines in the cell run the <emphasis
3871 role="bold">upclientetc</emphasis> process (an instance of the client portion of the Update Server) to retrieve the
3872 configuration files. Use the <emphasis role="bold">-crypt</emphasis> argument to the <emphasis role="bold">upserver</emphasis>
3873 initialization command to specify that the Update Server distributes the contents of the <emphasis
3874 role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis> directory only in encrypted form, as shown in the following instruction. Several of the
3875 files in the directory, particularly the <emphasis role="bold">KeyFile</emphasis> file, are crucial to cell security and so must
3876 never cross the network unencrypted.</para>
3878 <para>(You can choose not to configure a system control machine, in which case you must update the configuration files in each
3879 server machine's <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis> directory individually. The <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis>
3880 commands used for this purpose also encrypt data before sending it across the network.)</para>
3882 <para>Distributing the contents of its <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis> directory to other server machines of its
3883 system type makes this machine a <emphasis>binary distribution machine</emphasis>. The other server machines of its system type
3884 run the <emphasis role="bold">upclientbin</emphasis> process (an instance of the client portion of the Update Server) to
3885 retrieve the binaries. If your platform has a package management system,
3886 such as 'rpm' or 'apt', running the Update Server to distribute binaries
3887 may interfere with this system.</para>
3889 <para>The binaries in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis> directory are not sensitive, so it is not necessary to
3890 encrypt them before transfer across the network. Include the <emphasis role="bold">-clear</emphasis> argument to the <emphasis
3891 role="bold">upserver</emphasis> initialization command to specify that the Update Server distributes the contents of the
3892 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis> directory in unencrypted form unless an <emphasis
3893 role="bold">upclientbin</emphasis> process requests encrypted transfer.</para>
3895 <para>Note that the server and client portions of the Update Server always mutually authenticate with one another, regardless of
3896 whether you use the <emphasis role="bold">-clear</emphasis> or <emphasis role="bold">-crypt</emphasis> arguments. This protects
3897 their communications from eavesdropping to some degree.</para>
3899 <para>For more information on the <emphasis role="bold">upclient</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">upserver</emphasis>
3900 processes, see their reference pages in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Reference</emphasis>. The commands appear on
3901 multiple lines here only for legibility. <orderedlist>
3903 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos create</emphasis> command to start the <emphasis role="bold">upserver</emphasis>
3904 process. <programlisting>
3905 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name></replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">upserver simple</emphasis> \
3906 <emphasis role="bold">"/usr/afs/bin/upserver -crypt /usr/afs/etc</emphasis> \
3907 <emphasis role="bold">-clear /usr/afs/bin" -cell</emphasis> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis
3908 role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
3909 </programlisting></para>
3911 </orderedlist></para>
3914 <sect1 id="HDRWQ62">
3915 <title>Starting the Controller for NTPD</title>
3917 <para>Keeping the clocks on all server and client machines in your cell synchronized is crucial to several functions, and in
3918 particular to the correct operation of AFS's distributed database technology, Ubik. The chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS
3919 Administration Guide</emphasis> about administering server machines explains how time skew can disturb Ubik's performance and
3920 cause service outages in your cell.</para>
3922 <para>Historically, AFS used to distribute its own version of the Network
3923 Time Protocol Daemon. Whilst this is still provided for existing sites, we
3924 recommend that you configure and install your time service independently of
3925 AFS. A reliable timeservice will also be required by your Kerberos realm,
3926 and so may already be available at your site.</para>
3929 <primary>overview</primary>
3931 <secondary>installing client functionality on first machine</secondary>
3935 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3937 <secondary>client functionality</secondary>
3939 <tertiary>installing</tertiary>
3943 <primary>installing</primary>
3945 <secondary>client functionality</secondary>
3947 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3951 <sect1 id="HDRWQ63">
3952 <title>Overview: Installing Client Functionality</title>
3954 <para>The machine you are installing is now an AFS file server machine,
3955 database server machine, system control machine, and binary distribution
3956 machine. Now make it a client machine by completing the following tasks:
3959 <para>Define the machine's cell membership for client processes</para>
3963 <para>Create the client version of the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file</para>
3967 <para>Define cache location and size</para>
3971 <para>Create the <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory and start the Cache Manager</para>
3973 </orderedlist></para>
3976 <primary>Distribution</primary>
3978 <secondary>copying client files from</secondary>
3980 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3984 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3986 <secondary>copying</secondary>
3988 <tertiary>client files to local disk</tertiary>
3992 <primary>copying</primary>
3994 <secondary>client files to local disk</secondary>
3996 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4000 <sect1 id="HDRWQ64">
4001 <title>Copying Client Files to the Local Disk</title>
4003 <para>You need only undertake the steps in this section, if you are using
4004 a tar file distribution, or one built from scratch. Packaged distributions,
4005 such as RPMs or DEBs will already have installed the necessary files in
4006 the correct locations.</para>
4008 <para>Before installing and configuring the AFS client, copy the necessary files from the tarball to the local <emphasis
4009 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory. <orderedlist>
4011 <para>If you have not already done so, unpack the distribution
4012 tarball for this machine's system type into a suitable location on
4013 the filesystem, such as <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdist</emphasis>.
4014 If you use a different location, substitue that in the examples that
4019 <para>Copy files to the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory.</para>
4021 <para>This step places a copy of the AFS initialization script (and related files, if applicable) into the <emphasis
4022 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory. In the preceding instructions for incorporating AFS into the kernel, you
4023 copied the script directly to the operating system's conventional location for initialization files. When you incorporate
4024 AFS into the machine's startup sequence in a later step, you can choose to link the two files.</para>
4026 <para>On some system types that use a dynamic kernel loader program, you previously copied AFS library files into a
4027 subdirectory of the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory. On other system types, you copied the
4028 appropriate AFS library file directly to the directory where the operating system accesses it. The following commands do
4029 not copy or recopy the AFS library files into the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory, because on
4030 some system types the library files consume a large amount of space. If you want to copy them, add the <emphasis
4031 role="bold">-r</emphasis> flag to the first <emphasis role="bold">cp</emphasis> command and skip the second <emphasis
4032 role="bold">cp</emphasis> command.</para>
4035 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /tmp/afsdist/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/root.client/usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
4036 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p * /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
4037 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp C /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
4040 </orderedlist></para>
4043 <primary>cell name</primary>
4045 <secondary>setting in client ThisCell file</secondary>
4047 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4051 <primary>setting</primary>
4053 <secondary>cell name in client ThisCell file</secondary>
4055 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4059 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
4061 <secondary>ThisCell file (client)</secondary>
4065 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
4067 <secondary>cell membership, defining</secondary>
4069 <tertiary>for client processes</tertiary>
4073 <primary>usr/vice/etc/ThisCell</primary>
4075 <see>ThisCell file (client)</see>
4079 <primary>ThisCell file (client)</primary>
4081 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
4085 <primary>files</primary>
4087 <secondary>ThisCell (client)</secondary>
4091 <sect1 id="HDRWQ65">
4092 <title>Defining Cell Membership for Client Processes</title>
4094 <para>Every AFS client machine has a copy of the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/ThisCell</emphasis> file on its local disk
4095 to define the machine's cell membership for the AFS client programs that run on it. The <emphasis
4096 role="bold">ThisCell</emphasis> file you created in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis> directory (in <link
4097 linkend="HDRWQ51">Defining Cell Name and Membership for Server Processes</link>) is used only by server processes.</para>
4099 <para>Among other functions, the <emphasis role="bold">ThisCell</emphasis> file on a client machine determines the following:
4102 <para>The cell in which users gain tokens when they log onto the
4103 machine, assuming it is using an AFS-modified login utility</para>
4107 <para>The cell in which users gain tokens by default when they issue
4108 the <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis> command</para>
4112 <para>The cell membership of the AFS server processes that the AFS
4113 command interpreters on this machine contact by default</para>
4118 <para>Change to the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory and remove the symbolic link created in <link
4119 linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>. <programlisting>
4120 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
4121 # <emphasis role="bold">rm ThisCell</emphasis>
4122 </programlisting></para>
4126 <para>Create the <emphasis role="bold">ThisCell</emphasis> file as a copy of the <emphasis
4127 role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/ThisCell</emphasis> file. Defining the same local cell for both server and client processes leads
4128 to the most consistent AFS performance. <programlisting>
4129 # <emphasis role="bold">cp /usr/afs/etc/ThisCell ThisCell</emphasis>
4130 </programlisting></para>
4132 </orderedlist></para>
4135 <primary>database server machine</primary>
4137 <secondary>entry in client CellServDB file</secondary>
4139 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4143 <primary>usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</primary>
4145 <see>CellServDB file (client)</see>
4149 <primary>CellServDB file (client)</primary>
4151 <secondary>creating</secondary>
4153 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4157 <primary>creating</primary>
4159 <secondary>CellServDB file (client)</secondary>
4161 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4165 <primary>CellServDB file (client)</primary>
4167 <secondary>required format</secondary>
4171 <primary>requirements</primary>
4173 <secondary>CellServDB file format (client version)</secondary>
4177 <primary>files</primary>
4179 <secondary>CellServDB (client)</secondary>
4183 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
4185 <secondary>CellServDB file (client)</secondary>
4189 <sect1 id="HDRWQ66">
4190 <title>Creating the Client CellServDB File</title>
4192 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> file on a client machine's local disk lists the database
4193 server machines for each cell that the local Cache Manager can contact. If there is no entry in the file for a cell, or if the
4194 list of database server machines is wrong, then users working on this machine cannot access the cell. The chapter in the
4195 <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about administering client machines explains how to maintain the file after
4198 <para>As the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program initializes the Cache Manager, it copies the contents of the
4199 <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file into kernel memory. The Cache Manager always consults the list in kernel memory
4200 rather than the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file itself. Between reboots of the machine, you can use the
4201 <emphasis role="bold">fs newcell</emphasis> command to update the list in kernel memory directly; see the chapter in the
4202 <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about administering client machines.</para>
4204 <para>The AFS distribution includes the file
4205 <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB.dist</emphasis>. It includes an entry for
4206 all AFS cells that agreed to share their database server machine
4207 information at the time the distribution was
4208 created. The definitive copy of this file is maintained at
4209 grand.central.org, and updates may be obtained from
4210 /afs/grand.central.org/service/CellServDB or
4211 <ulink url="http://grand.central.org/dl/cellservdb/CellServDB">
4212 http://grand.central.org/dl/cellservdb/CellServDB</ulink></para>
4214 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB.dist</emphasis> file can be a
4215 good basis for the client <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file,
4216 because all of the entries in it use the correct format. You can add or
4217 remove cell entries as you see fit. Depending on your cache manager
4218 configuration, additional steps (as detailed in
4219 <link linkend="HDRWQ91">Enabling Access to Foreign Cells</link>) may be
4220 required to enable the Cache Manager to actually reach the cells.</para>
4222 <para>In this section, you add an entry for the local cell to the local <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file. The
4223 current working directory is still <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis>. <orderedlist>
4225 <para>Remove the symbolic link created in <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link> and rename the <emphasis
4226 role="bold">CellServDB.sample</emphasis> file to <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis>. <programlisting>
4227 # <emphasis role="bold">rm CellServDB</emphasis>
4228 # <emphasis role="bold">mv CellServDB.sample CellServDB</emphasis>
4229 </programlisting></para>
4233 <para>Add an entry for the local cell to the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file. One easy method is to use
4234 the <emphasis role="bold">cat</emphasis> command to append the contents of the server <emphasis
4235 role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> file to the client version. <programlisting>
4236 # <emphasis role="bold">cat /usr/afs/etc/CellServDB >> CellServDB</emphasis>
4237 </programlisting></para>
4239 <para>Then open the file in a text editor to verify that there are no blank lines, and that all entries have the required
4240 format, which is described just following. The ordering of cells is not significant, but it can be convenient to have the
4241 client machine's home cell at the top; move it there now if you wish. <itemizedlist>
4243 <para>The first line of a cell's entry has the following format: <programlisting>
4244 ><replaceable>cell_name</replaceable> #<replaceable>organization</replaceable>
4245 </programlisting></para>
4247 <para>where <replaceable>cell_name</replaceable> is the cell's complete Internet domain name (for example, <emphasis
4248 role="bold">example.com</emphasis>) and <replaceable>organization</replaceable> is an optional field that follows any
4249 number of spaces and the number sign (<computeroutput>#</computeroutput>). By convention it names the organization
4250 to which the cell corresponds (for example, the Example Corporation).</para>
4254 <para>After the first line comes a separate line for each database server machine. Each line has the following
4255 format: <programlisting>
4256 <replaceable>IP_address</replaceable> #<replaceable>machine_name</replaceable>
4257 </programlisting></para>
4259 <para>where <replaceable>IP_address</replaceable> is the machine's IP address in dotted decimal format (for example,
4260 192.12.105.3). Following any number of spaces and the number sign (<computeroutput>#</computeroutput>) is
4261 <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable>, the machine's fully-qualified hostname (for example, <emphasis
4262 role="bold">db1.example.com</emphasis>). In this case, the number sign does not indicate a comment;
4263 <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable> is a required field.</para>
4265 </itemizedlist></para>
4269 <para>If the file includes cells that you do not wish users of this machine to access, remove their entries.</para>
4271 </orderedlist></para>
4273 <para>The following example shows entries for two cells, each of which has three database server machines:</para>
4276 >example.com #Example Corporation (home cell)
4277 192.12.105.3 #db1.example.com
4278 192.12.105.4 #db2.example.com
4279 192.12.105.55 #db3.example.com
4280 >stateu.edu #State University cell
4281 138.255.68.93 #serverA.stateu.edu
4282 138.255.68.72 #serverB.stateu.edu
4283 138.255.33.154 #serverC.stateu.edu
4287 <primary>cache</primary>
4289 <secondary>configuring</secondary>
4291 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4295 <primary>configuring</primary>
4297 <secondary>cache</secondary>
4299 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4303 <primary>setting</primary>
4305 <secondary>cache size and location</secondary>
4307 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4311 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
4313 <secondary>cache size and location</secondary>
4317 <sect1 id="HDRWQ67">
4318 <title>Configuring the Cache</title>
4320 <para>The Cache Manager uses a cache on the local disk or in machine memory to store local copies of files fetched from file
4321 server machines. As the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program initializes the Cache Manager, it sets basic cache
4322 configuration parameters according to definitions in the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/cacheinfo</emphasis> file.
4323 The file has three fields: <orderedlist>
4325 <para>The first field names the local directory on which to mount the AFS filespace. The conventional location is the
4326 <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory.</para>
4330 <para>The second field defines the local disk directory to use for the disk cache. The conventional location is the
4331 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/cache</emphasis> directory, but you can specify an alternate directory if another
4332 partition has more space available. There must always be a value in this field, but the Cache Manager ignores it if the
4333 machine uses a memory cache.</para>
4337 <para>The third field specifies the number of kilobyte (1024 byte) blocks to allocate for the cache.</para>
4339 </orderedlist></para>
4341 <para>The values you define must meet the following requirements. <itemizedlist>
4343 <para>On a machine using a disk cache, the Cache Manager expects always to be able to use the amount of space specified in
4344 the third field. Failure to meet this requirement can cause serious problems, some of which can be repaired only by
4345 rebooting. You must prevent non-AFS processes from filling up the cache partition. The simplest way is to devote a
4346 partition to the cache exclusively.</para>
4350 <para>The amount of space available in memory or on the partition housing the disk cache directory imposes an absolute
4351 limit on cache size.</para>
4355 <para>The maximum supported cache size can vary in each AFS release; see the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release Notes</emphasis>
4356 for the current version.</para>
4360 <para>For a disk cache, you cannot specify a value in the third field that exceeds 95% of the space available on the
4361 partition mounted at the directory named in the second field. If you violate this restriction, the <emphasis
4362 role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program exits without starting the Cache Manager and prints an appropriate message on the
4363 standard output stream. A value of 90% is more appropriate on most machines. Some operating systems (such as AIX) do not
4364 automatically reserve some space to prevent the partition from filling completely; for them, a smaller value (say, 80% to
4365 85% of the space available) is more appropriate.</para>
4369 <para>For a memory cache, you must leave enough memory for other processes and applications to run. If you try to allocate
4370 more memory than is actually available, the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program exits without initializing the
4371 Cache Manager and produces the following message on the standard output stream. <programlisting>
4372 afsd: memCache allocation failure at <replaceable>number</replaceable> KB
4373 </programlisting></para>
4375 <para>The <replaceable>number</replaceable> value is how many kilobytes were allocated just before the failure, and so
4376 indicates the approximate amount of memory available.</para>
4378 </itemizedlist></para>
4380 <para>Within these hard limits, the factors that determine appropriate cache size include the number of users working on the
4381 machine, the size of the files with which they work, and (for a memory cache) the number of processes that run on the machine.
4382 The higher the demand from these factors, the larger the cache needs to be to maintain good performance.</para>
4384 <para>Disk caches smaller than 10 MB do not generally perform well. Machines serving multiple users usually perform better with
4385 a cache of at least 60 to 70 MB. The point at which enlarging the cache further does not really improve performance depends on
4386 the factors mentioned previously and is difficult to predict.</para>
4388 <para>Memory caches smaller than 1 MB are nonfunctional, and the performance of caches smaller than 5 MB is usually
4389 unsatisfactory. Suitable upper limits are similar to those for disk caches but are probably determined more by the demands on
4390 memory from other sources on the machine (number of users and processes). Machines running only a few processes possibly can use
4391 a smaller memory cache.</para>
4393 <sect2 id="HDRWQ68">
4394 <title>Configuring a Disk Cache</title>
4397 <para>Not all file system types that an operating system supports are necessarily supported for use as the cache partition.
4398 For possible restrictions, see the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release Notes</emphasis>.</para>
4401 <para>To configure the disk cache, perform the following procedures: <orderedlist>
4403 <para>Create the local directory to use for caching. The following instruction shows the conventional location,
4404 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/cache</emphasis>. If you are devoting a partition exclusively to caching, as
4405 recommended, you must also configure it, make a file system on it, and mount it at the directory created in this step.
4407 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /usr/vice/cache</emphasis>
4408 </programlisting></para>
4412 <para>Create the <emphasis role="bold">cacheinfo</emphasis> file to define the configuration parameters discussed
4413 previously. The following instruction shows the standard mount location, <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis>, and the
4414 standard cache location, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/cache</emphasis>. <programlisting>
4415 # <emphasis role="bold">echo "/afs:/usr/vice/cache:</emphasis><replaceable>#blocks</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">" > /usr/vice/etc/cacheinfo</emphasis>
4416 </programlisting></para>
4418 <para>The following example defines the disk cache size as 50,000 KB:</para>
4421 # <emphasis role="bold">echo "/afs:/usr/vice/cache:50000" > /usr/vice/etc/cacheinfo</emphasis>
4424 </orderedlist></para>
4427 <sect2 id="HDRWQ69">
4428 <title>Configuring a Memory Cache</title>
4430 <para>To configure a memory cache, create the <emphasis role="bold">cacheinfo</emphasis> file to define the configuration
4431 parameters discussed previously. The following instruction shows the standard mount location, <emphasis
4432 role="bold">/afs</emphasis>, and the standard cache location, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/cache</emphasis> (though the
4433 exact value of the latter is irrelevant for a memory cache).</para>
4436 # <emphasis role="bold">echo "/afs:/usr/vice/cache:</emphasis><replaceable>#blocks</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">" > /usr/vice/etc/cacheinfo</emphasis>
4439 <para>The following example allocates 25,000 KB of memory for the cache.</para>
4442 # <emphasis role="bold">echo "/afs:/usr/vice/cache:25000" > /usr/vice/etc/cacheinfo</emphasis>
4446 <primary>Cache Manager</primary>
4448 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
4452 <primary>configuring</primary>
4454 <secondary>Cache Manager</secondary>
4456 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4460 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
4462 <secondary>Cache Manager</secondary>
4466 <primary>afs (/afs) directory</primary>
4468 <secondary>creating</secondary>
4470 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4474 <primary>AFS initialization script</primary>
4476 <secondary>setting afsd parameters</secondary>
4478 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4482 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
4484 <secondary>afsd command parameters</secondary>
4489 <sect1 id="HDRWQ70">
4490 <title>Configuring the Cache Manager</title>
4492 <para>By convention, the Cache Manager mounts the AFS filespace on the local <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory. In
4493 this section you create that directory.</para>
4495 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program sets several cache configuration parameters as it initializes the Cache
4496 Manager, and starts daemons that improve performance. You can use the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command's arguments
4497 to override the parameters' default values and to change the number of some of the daemons. Depending on the machine's cache
4498 size, its amount of RAM, and how many people work on it, you can sometimes improve Cache Manager performance by overriding the
4499 default values. For a discussion of all of the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command's arguments, see its reference page
4500 in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Reference</emphasis>.</para>
4502 <para>On platforms using the standard 'afs' initialisation script (this does not apply to Fedora or RHEL based distributions), the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command line in the AFS initialization script on each system type includes an
4503 <computeroutput>OPTIONS</computeroutput> variable. You can use it to set nondefault values for the command's arguments, in one
4504 of the following ways: <itemizedlist>
4506 <para>You can create an <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> <emphasis>options file</emphasis> that sets values for
4507 arguments to the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command. If the file exists, its contents are automatically
4508 substituted for the <computeroutput>OPTIONS</computeroutput> variable in the AFS initialization script. The AFS
4509 distribution for some system types includes an options file; on other system types, you must create it.</para>
4511 <para>You use two variables in the AFS initialization script to specify the path to the options file:
4512 <computeroutput>CONFIG</computeroutput> and <computeroutput>AFSDOPT</computeroutput>. On system types that define a
4513 conventional directory for configuration files, the <computeroutput>CONFIG</computeroutput> variable indicates it by
4514 default; otherwise, the variable indicates an appropriate location.</para>
4516 <para>List the desired <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options on a single line in the options file, separating each
4517 option with one or more spaces. The following example sets the <emphasis role="bold">-stat</emphasis> argument to 2500,
4518 the <emphasis role="bold">-daemons</emphasis> argument to 4, and the <emphasis role="bold">-volumes</emphasis> argument to
4522 -stat 2500 -daemons 4 -volumes 100
4527 <para>On a machine that uses a disk cache, you can set the <computeroutput>OPTIONS</computeroutput> variable in the AFS
4528 initialization script to one of <computeroutput>$SMALL</computeroutput>, <computeroutput>$MEDIUM</computeroutput>, or
4529 <computeroutput>$LARGE</computeroutput>. The AFS initialization script uses one of these settings if the <emphasis
4530 role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file named by the <computeroutput>AFSDOPT</computeroutput> variable does not exist. In
4531 the script as distributed, the <computeroutput>OPTIONS</computeroutput> variable is set to the value
4532 <computeroutput>$MEDIUM</computeroutput>.</para>
4535 <para>Do not set the <computeroutput>OPTIONS</computeroutput> variable to <computeroutput>$SMALL</computeroutput>,
4536 <computeroutput>$MEDIUM</computeroutput>, or <computeroutput>$LARGE</computeroutput> on a machine that uses a memory
4537 cache. The arguments it sets are appropriate only on a machine that uses a disk cache.</para>
4540 <para>The script (or on some system types the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file named by the
4541 <computeroutput>AFSDOPT</computeroutput> variable) defines a value for each of <computeroutput>SMALL</computeroutput>,
4542 <computeroutput>MEDIUM</computeroutput>, and <computeroutput>LARGE</computeroutput> that sets <emphasis
4543 role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command arguments appropriately for client machines of different sizes: <itemizedlist>
4545 <para><computeroutput>SMALL</computeroutput> is suitable for a small machine that serves one or two users and has
4546 approximately 8 MB of RAM and a 20-MB cache</para>
4550 <para><computeroutput>MEDIUM</computeroutput> is suitable for a medium-sized machine that serves two to six users
4551 and has 16 MB of RAM and a 40-MB cache</para>
4555 <para><computeroutput>LARGE</computeroutput> is suitable for a large machine that serves five to ten users and has
4556 32 MB of RAM and a 100-MB cache</para>
4558 </itemizedlist></para>
4562 <para>You can choose not to create an <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file and to set the
4563 <computeroutput>OPTIONS</computeroutput> variable in the initialization script to a null value rather than to the default
4564 <computeroutput>$MEDIUM</computeroutput> value. You can then either set arguments directly on the <emphasis
4565 role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command line in the script, or set no arguments (and so accept default values for all Cache
4566 Manager parameters).</para>
4571 <para>If you are running on a Fedora or RHEL based system, the
4572 openafs-client initialization script behaves differently from that
4573 described above. It sources /etc/sysconfig/openafs, in which the
4574 AFSD_ARGS variable may be set to contain any, or all, of the afsd options
4575 detailed. Note that this script does not support setting an OPTIONS
4576 variable, or the SMALL, MEDIUM and LARGE methods of defining cache size
4582 <para>Create the local directory on which to mount the AFS filespace, by convention <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis>.
4583 If the directory already exists, verify that it is empty. <programlisting>
4584 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /afs</emphasis>
4585 </programlisting></para>
4589 <para>On AIX systems, add the following line to the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/vfs</emphasis> file. It enables AIX to
4590 unmount AFS correctly during shutdown. <programlisting>
4592 </programlisting></para>
4596 <para>On non-package based Linux systems, copy the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file from the <emphasis
4597 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory to the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/sysconfig</emphasis> directory, removing
4598 the <emphasis role="bold">.conf</emphasis> extension as you do so. <programlisting>
4599 # <emphasis role="bold">cp /usr/vice/etc/afs.conf /etc/sysconfig/afs</emphasis>
4600 </programlisting></para>
4604 <para>Edit the machine's AFS initialization script or <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file to set
4605 appropriate values for <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command parameters. The script resides in the indicated
4606 location on each system type: <itemizedlist>
4608 <para>On AIX systems, <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.afs</emphasis></para>
4612 <para>On HP-UX systems, <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/init.d/afs</emphasis></para>
4616 <para>On IRIX systems, <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs</emphasis></para>
4620 <para>On Fedora and RHEL systems, <emphasis role="bold">/etc/sysconfg/openafs</emphasis></para>
4624 <para>On non-package based Linux systems, <emphasis role="bold">/etc/sysconfig/afs</emphasis> (the <emphasis
4625 role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file)</para>
4629 <para>On Solaris systems, <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs</emphasis></para>
4631 </itemizedlist></para>
4633 <para>Use one of the methods described in the introduction to this section to add the following flags to the <emphasis
4634 role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command line. If you intend for the machine to remain an AFS client, also set any
4635 performance-related arguments you wish. <itemizedlist>
4637 <para>Add the <emphasis role="bold">-memcache</emphasis> flag if the machine is to use a memory cache.</para>
4641 <para>Add the <emphasis role="bold">-verbose</emphasis> flag to display a trace of the Cache Manager's
4642 initialization on the standard output stream.</para>
4644 </itemizedlist></para>
4647 <note><para>In order to successfully complete the instructions in the
4648 remainder of this guide, it is important that the machine does not have
4649 a synthetic root (as discussed in <link linkend="HDRWQ91">Enabling Access
4650 to Foreign Cells</link>). As some distributions ship with this enabled, it
4651 may be necessary to remove any occurences of the
4652 <emphasis role="bold">-dynroot</emphasis> and
4653 <emphasis role="bold">-afsdb</emphasis> options from both the AFS
4654 initialisation script and options file. If this functionality is
4655 required it may be renabled as detailed in
4656 <link linkend="HDRWQ91">Enabling Access to Foreign Cells</link>.
4661 <primary>overview</primary>
4663 <secondary>completing installation of first machine</secondary>
4667 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
4669 <secondary>completion of installation</secondary>
4673 <sect1 id="HDRWQ71">
4674 <title>Overview: Completing the Installation of the First AFS Machine</title>
4676 <para>The machine is now configured as an AFS file server and client machine. In this final phase of the installation, you
4677 initialize the Cache Manager and then create the upper levels of your AFS filespace, among other procedures. The procedures are:
4680 <para>Verify that the initialization script works correctly, and incorporate it into the operating system's startup and
4681 shutdown sequence</para>
4685 <para>Create and mount top-level volumes</para>
4689 <para>Create and mount volumes to store system binaries in AFS</para>
4693 <para>Enable access to foreign cells</para>
4697 <para>Institute additional security measures</para>
4701 <para>Remove client functionality if desired</para>
4703 </orderedlist></para>
4706 <primary>AFS initialization script</primary>
4708 <secondary>verifying on first AFS machine</secondary>
4712 <primary>AFS initialization script</primary>
4714 <secondary>running</secondary>
4716 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4720 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
4722 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4724 <tertiary>running/verifying</tertiary>
4728 <primary>running AFS init. script</primary>
4730 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
4734 <primary>invoking AFS init. script</primary>
4740 <sect1 id="HDRWQ72">
4741 <title>Verifying the AFS Initialization Script</title>
4743 <para>At this point you run the AFS initialization script to verify that it correctly invokes all of the necessary programs and
4744 AFS processes, and that they start correctly. The following are the relevant commands: <itemizedlist>
4746 <para>The command that dynamically loads AFS modifications into the kernel, on some system types (not applicable if the
4747 kernel has AFS modifications built in)</para>
4751 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">bosserver</emphasis> command, which starts the BOS Server; it in turn starts the server
4752 processes for which you created entries in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/local/BosConfig</emphasis> file</para>
4756 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command, which initializes the Cache Manager</para>
4758 </itemizedlist></para>
4760 <para>On system types that use a dynamic loader program, you must reboot the machine before running the initialization script,
4761 so that it can freshly load AFS modifications into the kernel.</para>
4763 <para>If there are problems during the initialization, attempt to resolve them. The OpenAFS mailing lists can provide assistance if necessary.
4767 <primary>commands</primary>
4769 <secondary>bos shutdown</secondary>
4773 <primary>bos commands</primary>
4775 <secondary>shutdown</secondary>
4779 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos shutdown</emphasis> command to shut down the AFS server processes other than the
4780 BOS Server. Include the <emphasis role="bold">-wait</emphasis> flag to delay return of the command shell prompt until all
4781 processes shut down completely. <programlisting>
4782 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/bos shutdown</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis
4783 role="bold">-wait</emphasis>
4784 </programlisting></para>
4788 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">ps</emphasis> command to learn the <emphasis role="bold">bosserver</emphasis>
4789 process's process ID number (PID), and then the <emphasis role="bold">kill</emphasis> command to stop it. <programlisting>
4790 # <emphasis role="bold">ps</emphasis> <replaceable>appropriate_ps_options</replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">| grep bosserver</emphasis>
4791 # <emphasis role="bold">kill</emphasis> <replaceable>bosserver_PID</replaceable>
4792 </programlisting></para>
4796 <para>Issue the appropriate commands to run the AFS initialization script for this system type.</para>
4799 <primary>AIX</primary>
4801 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4803 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4806 <para><emphasis role="bold">On AIX systems:</emphasis> <orderedlist>
4808 <para>Reboot the machine and log in again as the local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>.
4810 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
4811 # <emphasis role="bold">shutdown -r now</emphasis>
4812 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
4813 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
4814 </programlisting></para>
4818 <para>Run the AFS initialization script. <programlisting>
4819 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.afs</emphasis>
4820 </programlisting></para>
4822 </orderedlist></para>
4825 <primary>HP-UX</primary>
4827 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4829 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4832 <para><emphasis role="bold">On HP-UX systems:</emphasis> <orderedlist>
4834 <para>Run the AFS initialization script. <programlisting>
4835 # <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/init.d/afs start</emphasis>
4836 </programlisting></para>
4838 </orderedlist></para>
4841 <primary>IRIX</primary>
4843 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4845 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4849 <primary>afsclient variable (IRIX)</primary>
4851 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
4855 <primary>variables</primary>
4857 <secondary>afsclient (IRIX)</secondary>
4859 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4863 <primary>IRIX</primary>
4865 <secondary>afsclient variable</secondary>
4867 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4871 <primary>afsserver variable (IRIX)</primary>
4873 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
4877 <primary>variables</primary>
4879 <secondary>afsserver (IRIX)</secondary>
4881 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4885 <primary>IRIX</primary>
4887 <secondary>afsserver variable</secondary>
4889 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4892 <para><emphasis role="bold">On IRIX systems:</emphasis> <orderedlist>
4894 <para>If you have configured the machine to use the <emphasis role="bold">ml</emphasis> dynamic loader program,
4895 reboot the machine and log in again as the local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>. <programlisting>
4896 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
4897 # <emphasis role="bold">shutdown -i6 -g0 -y</emphasis>
4898 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
4899 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
4900 </programlisting></para>
4904 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">chkconfig</emphasis> command to activate the <emphasis
4905 role="bold">afsserver</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">afsclient</emphasis> configuration variables.
4907 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/chkconfig -f afsserver on</emphasis>
4908 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/chkconfig -f afsclient on</emphasis>
4909 </programlisting></para>
4913 <para>Run the AFS initialization script. <programlisting>
4914 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs start</emphasis>
4915 </programlisting></para>
4917 </orderedlist></para>
4920 <primary>Linux</primary>
4922 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4924 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4927 <para><emphasis role="bold">On Linux systems:</emphasis> <orderedlist>
4929 <para>Reboot the machine and log in again as the local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>.
4931 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
4932 # <emphasis role="bold">shutdown -r now</emphasis>
4933 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
4934 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
4935 </programlisting></para>
4939 <para>Run the AFS initialization scripts.
4941 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.d/init.d/openafs-client start</emphasis>
4942 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.d/init.d/openafs-server start</emphasis>
4943 </programlisting></para>
4945 </orderedlist></para>
4948 <primary>Solaris</primary>
4950 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4952 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4955 <para><emphasis role="bold">On Solaris systems:</emphasis> <orderedlist>
4957 <para>Reboot the machine and log in again as the local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>.
4959 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
4960 # <emphasis role="bold">shutdown -i6 -g0 -y</emphasis>
4961 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
4962 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
4963 </programlisting></para>
4967 <para>Run the AFS initialization script. <programlisting>
4968 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs start</emphasis>
4969 </programlisting></para>
4971 </orderedlist></para>
4975 <para>Wait for the message that confirms that Cache Manager initialization is complete.</para>
4977 <para>On machines that use a disk cache, it can take a while to initialize the Cache Manager for the first time, because
4978 the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program must create all of the <emphasis
4979 role="bold">V</emphasis><replaceable>n</replaceable> files in the cache directory. Subsequent Cache Manager
4980 initializations do not take nearly as long, because the <emphasis role="bold">V</emphasis><replaceable>n</replaceable>
4981 files already exist.</para>
4986 <primary>commands</primary>
4987 <secondary>aklog</secondary>
4991 <primary>aklog command</primary>
4994 <para>If you are working with an existing cell which uses
4995 <emphasis role="bold">kaserver</emphasis> for authentication,
4996 please recall the note in
4997 <link linkend="KAS003">Using this Appendix</link> detailing the
4998 substitution of <emphasis role="bold">kinit</emphasis> and
4999 <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis> with
5000 <emphasis role="bold">klog</emphasis>.</para>
5002 <para>As a basic test of correct AFS functioning, issue the
5003 <emphasis role="bold">kinit</emphasis> and
5004 <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis> commands to authenticate
5005 as the <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> user.
5006 Provide the password (<replaceable>admin_passwd</replaceable>) you
5007 defined in <link linkend="HDRWQ53">Initializing Cell Security</link>.</para>
5010 # <emphasis role="bold">kinit admin</emphasis>
5011 Password: <replaceable>admin_passwd</replaceable>
5012 # <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis>
5016 <primary>commands</primary>
5018 <secondary>tokens</secondary>
5022 <primary>tokens command</primary>
5027 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">tokens</emphasis> command to
5028 verify that the <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis>
5029 command worked correctly. If it did, the output looks similar to the following example for the <emphasis
5030 role="bold">example.com</emphasis> cell, where <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis>'s AFS UID is 1. If the output does not
5031 seem correct, resolve the problem. Changes to the AFS initialization script are possibly necessary. The OpenAFS mailing lists can provide assistance as necessary. <programlisting>
5032 # <emphasis role="bold">tokens</emphasis>
5033 Tokens held by the Cache Manager:
5034 User's (AFS ID 1) tokens for afs@example.com [Expires May 22 11:52]
5036 </programlisting></para>
5040 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos status</emphasis> command to verify that the output for each process reads
5041 <computeroutput>Currently running normally</computeroutput>. <programlisting>
5042 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/bos status</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>>
5043 </programlisting> <indexterm>
5044 <primary>fs commands</primary>
5046 <secondary>checkvolumes</secondary>
5047 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5048 <primary>commands</primary>
5050 <secondary>fs checkvolumes</secondary>
5055 <para>Change directory to the local file system root (<emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis>) and issue the <emphasis
5056 role="bold">fs checkvolumes</emphasis> command. <programlisting>
5057 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
5058 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs checkvolumes</emphasis>
5059 </programlisting></para>
5061 </orderedlist></para>
5064 <primary>AFS initialization script</primary>
5066 <secondary>adding to machine startup sequence</secondary>
5068 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
5072 <primary>installing</primary>
5074 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
5076 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
5080 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
5082 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
5084 <tertiary>activating</tertiary>
5088 <primary>activating AFS init. script</primary>
5090 <see>installing</see>
5094 <sect1 id="HDRWQ73">
5095 <title>Activating the AFS Initialization Script</title>
5097 <para>Now that you have confirmed that the AFS initialization script works correctly, take the action necessary to have it run
5098 automatically at each reboot. Proceed to the instructions for your system type: <itemizedlist>
5100 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ74">Activating the Script on AIX Systems</link></para>
5104 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ76">Activating the Script on HP-UX Systems</link></para>
5108 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ77">Activating the Script on IRIX Systems</link></para>
5112 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ78">Activating the Script on Linux Systems</link></para>
5116 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ79">Activating the Script on Solaris Systems</link></para>
5118 </itemizedlist></para>
5121 <primary>AIX</primary>
5123 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
5125 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
5128 <sect2 id="HDRWQ74">
5129 <title>Activating the Script on AIX Systems</title>
5133 <para>Edit the AIX initialization file, <emphasis role="bold">/etc/inittab</emphasis>, adding the following line to invoke
5134 the AFS initialization script. Place it just after the line that starts NFS daemons. <programlisting>
5135 rcafs:2:wait:/etc/rc.afs > /dev/console 2>&1 # Start AFS services
5136 </programlisting></para>
5140 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the
5141 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/etc</emphasis> directories. If you want to avoid
5142 potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always retrieve the
5143 original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary. <programlisting>
5144 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
5145 # <emphasis role="bold">rm rc.afs</emphasis>
5146 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /etc/rc.afs</emphasis>
5147 </programlisting></para>
5151 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ80">Configuring the Top Levels of the AFS Filespace</link>.</para>
5156 <primary>HP-UX</primary>
5158 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
5160 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
5164 <sect2 id="HDRWQ76">
5165 <title>Activating the Script on HP-UX Systems</title>
5169 <para>Change to the <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/init.d</emphasis> directory and issue the <emphasis role="bold">ln
5170 -s</emphasis> command to create symbolic links that incorporate the AFS initialization script into the HP-UX startup and
5171 shutdown sequence. <programlisting>
5172 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /sbin/init.d</emphasis>
5173 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s ../init.d/afs /sbin/rc2.d/S460afs</emphasis>
5174 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s ../init.d/afs /sbin/rc2.d/K800afs</emphasis>
5175 </programlisting></para>
5179 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the
5180 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/init.d</emphasis> directories. If you want
5181 to avoid potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always
5182 retrieve the original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary. <programlisting>
5183 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
5184 # <emphasis role="bold">rm afs.rc</emphasis>
5185 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /sbin/init.d/afs afs.rc</emphasis>
5186 </programlisting></para>
5190 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ80">Configuring the Top Levels of the AFS Filespace</link>.</para>
5195 <primary>IRIX</primary>
5197 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
5199 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
5203 <sect2 id="HDRWQ77">
5204 <title>Activating the Script on IRIX Systems</title>
5208 <para>Change to the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d</emphasis> directory and issue the <emphasis role="bold">ln
5209 -s</emphasis> command to create symbolic links that incorporate the AFS initialization script into the IRIX startup and
5210 shutdown sequence. <programlisting>
5211 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /etc/init.d</emphasis>
5212 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s ../init.d/afs /etc/rc2.d/S35afs</emphasis>
5213 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s ../init.d/afs /etc/rc0.d/K35afs</emphasis>
5214 </programlisting></para>
5218 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the
5219 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d</emphasis> directories. If you want
5220 to avoid potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always
5221 retrieve the original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary. <programlisting>
5222 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
5223 # <emphasis role="bold">rm afs.rc</emphasis>
5224 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /etc/init.d/afs afs.rc</emphasis>
5225 </programlisting></para>
5229 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ80">Configuring the Top Levels of the AFS Filespace</link>.</para>
5234 <primary>Linux</primary>
5236 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
5238 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
5242 <sect2 id="HDRWQ78">
5243 <title>Activating the Script on Linux Systems</title>
5247 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">chkconfig</emphasis> command to activate the <emphasis role="bold">openafs-client</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">openafs-server</emphasis>
5248 configuration variables. Based on the instruction in the AFS initialization file that begins with the string
5249 <computeroutput>#chkconfig</computeroutput>, the command automatically creates the symbolic links that incorporate the
5250 script into the Linux startup and shutdown sequence. <programlisting>
5251 # <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/chkconfig --add openafs-client</emphasis>
5252 # <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/chkconfig --add openafs-server</emphasis>
5253 </programlisting></para>
5257 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the
5258 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.d/init.d</emphasis> directories, and
5259 copies of the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file in both the <emphasis
5260 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/etc/sysconfig</emphasis> directories. If you want to avoid
5261 potential confusion by guaranteeing that the two copies of each file are always the same, create a link between them. You
5262 can always retrieve the original script or options file from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary. <programlisting>
5263 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
5264 # <emphasis role="bold">rm afs.rc afs.conf</emphasis>
5265 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/afs afs.rc</emphasis>
5266 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /etc/sysconfig/afs afs.conf</emphasis>
5267 </programlisting></para>
5271 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ80">Configuring the Top Levels of the AFS Filespace</link>.</para>
5276 <primary>Solaris</primary>
5278 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
5280 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
5284 <sect2 id="HDRWQ79">
5285 <title>Activating the Script on Solaris Systems</title>
5289 <para>Change to the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d</emphasis> directory and issue the <emphasis role="bold">ln
5290 -s</emphasis> command to create symbolic links that incorporate the AFS initialization script into the Solaris startup and
5291 shutdown sequence. <programlisting>
5292 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /etc/init.d</emphasis>
5293 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s ../init.d/afs /etc/rc3.d/S99afs</emphasis>
5294 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s ../init.d/afs /etc/rc0.d/K66afs</emphasis>
5295 </programlisting></para>
5299 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the
5300 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d</emphasis> directories. If you want
5301 to avoid potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always
5302 retrieve the original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary. <programlisting>
5303 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
5304 # <emphasis role="bold">rm afs.rc</emphasis>
5305 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /etc/init.d/afs afs.rc</emphasis>
5306 </programlisting></para>
5311 <primary>AFS filespace</primary>
5313 <secondary>configuring top levels</secondary>
5317 <primary>configuring</primary>
5319 <secondary>AFS filespace (top levels)</secondary>
5324 <sect1 id="HDRWQ80">
5325 <title>Configuring the Top Levels of the AFS Filespace</title>
5327 <para>If you have not previously run AFS in your cell, you now configure the top levels of your cell's AFS filespace. If you
5328 have run a previous version of AFS, the filespace is already configured. Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ83">Storing AFS Binaries
5329 in AFS</link>. <indexterm>
5330 <primary>root.cell volume</primary>
5332 <secondary>creating and replicating</secondary>
5333 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5334 <primary>volume</primary>
5336 <secondary>creating</secondary>
5338 <tertiary>root.cell</tertiary>
5339 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5340 <primary>creating</primary>
5342 <secondary>root.cell volume</secondary>
5345 <para>You created the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume in <link linkend="HDRWQ60">Starting the File Server,
5346 Volume Server, and Salvager</link>, and the Cache Manager mounted it automatically on the local <emphasis
5347 role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory when you ran the AFS initialization script in <link linkend="HDRWQ72">Verifying the AFS
5348 Initialization Script</link>. You now set the access control list (ACL) on the <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory;
5349 creating, mounting, and setting the ACL are the three steps required when creating any volume.</para>
5351 <para>After setting the ACL on the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume, you create your cell's <emphasis
5352 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume, mount it as a subdirectory of the <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory, and
5353 set the ACL. Create both a read/write and a regular mount point for the <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume. The
5354 read/write mount point enables you to access the read/write version of replicated volumes when necessary. Creating both mount
5355 points essentially creates separate read-only and read-write copies of your filespace, and enables the Cache Manager to traverse
5356 the filespace on a read-only path or read/write path as appropriate. For further discussion of these concepts, see the chapter
5357 in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about administering volumes. <indexterm>
5358 <primary>root.afs volume</primary>
5360 <secondary>replicating</secondary>
5361 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5362 <primary>volume</primary>
5364 <secondary>replicating root.afs and root.cell</secondary>
5365 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5366 <primary>replicating volumes</primary>
5369 <para>Then replicate both the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volumes.
5370 This is required if you want to replicate any other volumes in your cell, because all volumes mounted above a replicated volume
5371 must themselves be replicated in order for the Cache Manager to access the replica.</para>
5373 <para>When the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume is replicated, the Cache Manager is programmed to access its
5374 read-only version (<emphasis role="bold">root.afs.readonly</emphasis>) whenever possible. To make changes to the contents of the
5375 <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume (when, for example, you mount another cell's <emphasis
5376 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume at the second level in your filespace), you must mount the <emphasis
5377 role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume temporarily, make the changes, release the volume and remove the temporary mount point.
5378 For instructions, see <link linkend="HDRWQ91">Enabling Access to Foreign Cells</link>. <indexterm>
5379 <primary>fs commands</primary>
5381 <secondary>setacl</secondary>
5382 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5383 <primary>commands</primary>
5385 <secondary>fs setacl</secondary>
5386 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5387 <primary>access control list (ACL), setting</primary>
5388 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5389 <primary>setting</primary>
5391 <secondary>ACL</secondary>
5392 </indexterm> <orderedlist>
5394 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setacl</emphasis> command to edit the ACL on the <emphasis
5395 role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory. Add an entry that grants the <emphasis role="bold">l</emphasis> (<emphasis
5396 role="bold">lookup</emphasis>) and <emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis> (<emphasis role="bold">read</emphasis>) permissions
5397 to the <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group, to enable all AFS users who can reach your cell to traverse
5398 through the directory. If you prefer to enable access only to locally authenticated users, substitute the <emphasis
5399 role="bold">system:authuser</emphasis> group.</para>
5401 <para>Note that there is already an ACL entry that grants all seven access rights to the <emphasis
5402 role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group. It is a default entry that AFS places on every new volume's root
5406 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs setacl /afs system:anyuser rl</emphasis>
5410 <primary>commands</primary>
5412 <secondary>vos create</secondary>
5414 <tertiary>root.cell volume</tertiary>
5418 <primary>vos commands</primary>
5420 <secondary>create</secondary>
5422 <tertiary>root.cell volume</tertiary>
5426 <primary>fs commands</primary>
5428 <secondary>mkmount</secondary>
5432 <primary>commands</primary>
5434 <secondary>fs mkmount</secondary>
5438 <primary>mount point</primary>
5442 <primary>creating</primary>
5444 <secondary>mount point</secondary>
5448 <primary>volume</primary>
5450 <secondary>mounting</secondary>
5455 <para><anchor id="LIWQ81" />Issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> command to create the <emphasis
5456 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume. Then issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command to mount it as
5457 a subdirectory of the <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory, where it serves as the root of your cell's local
5458 AFS filespace. Finally, issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setacl</emphasis> command to create an ACL entry for the
5459 <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group (or <emphasis role="bold">system:authuser</emphasis> group).</para>
5461 <para>For the <replaceable>partition name</replaceable> argument, substitute the name of one of the machine's AFS server
5462 partitions (such as <emphasis role="bold">/vicepa</emphasis>). For the <replaceable>cellname</replaceable> argument,
5463 substitute your cell's fully-qualified Internet domain name (such as <emphasis role="bold">abc.com</emphasis>).</para>
5466 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/vos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <emphasis
5467 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis>
5468 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs mkmount /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis>
5469 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs setacl /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser rl</emphasis>
5473 <primary>creating</primary>
5475 <secondary>symbolic link</secondary>
5477 <tertiary>for abbreviated cell name</tertiary>
5481 <primary>symbolic link</primary>
5483 <secondary>for abbreviated cell name</secondary>
5487 <primary>cell name</primary>
5489 <secondary>symbolic link for abbreviated</secondary>
5494 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> Create a symbolic link to a shortened cell name, to reduce the length of
5495 pathnames for users in the local cell. For example, in the <emphasis role="bold">abc.com</emphasis> cell, <emphasis
5496 role="bold">/afs/abc</emphasis> is a link to <emphasis role="bold">/afs/abc.com</emphasis>. <programlisting>
5497 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /afs</emphasis>
5498 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s</emphasis> <replaceable>full_cellname</replaceable> <replaceable>short_cellname</replaceable>
5499 </programlisting> <indexterm>
5500 <primary>read/write mount point for root.afs volume</primary>
5501 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5502 <primary>root.afs volume</primary>
5504 <secondary>read/write mount point</secondary>
5505 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5506 <primary>creating</primary>
5508 <secondary>read/write mount point</secondary>
5513 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command to create a read/write mount point for the <emphasis
5514 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume (you created a regular mount point in Step <link
5515 linkend="LIWQ81">2</link>).</para>
5517 <para>By convention, the name of a read/write mount point begins with a period, both to distinguish it from the regular
5518 mount point and to make it visible only when the <emphasis role="bold">-a</emphasis> flag is used on the <emphasis
5519 role="bold">ls</emphasis> command.</para>
5521 <para>Change directory to <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis> to make it easier to access the command
5525 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/afs/bin</emphasis>
5526 # <emphasis role="bold">./fs mkmount /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">root.cell -rw</emphasis>
5530 <primary>commands</primary>
5532 <secondary>vos addsite</secondary>
5536 <primary>vos commands</primary>
5538 <secondary>addsite</secondary>
5542 <primary>volume</primary>
5544 <secondary>defining replication site</secondary>
5548 <primary>defining</primary>
5550 <secondary>replication site for volume</secondary>
5555 <para><anchor id="LIWQ82" />Issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos addsite</emphasis> command to define a replication site
5556 for both the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volumes. In each
5557 case, substitute for the <replaceable>partition name</replaceable> argument the partition where the volume's read/write
5558 version resides. When you install additional file server machines, it is a good idea to create replication sites on them
5559 as well. <programlisting>
5560 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos addsite</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <emphasis
5561 role="bold">root.afs</emphasis>
5562 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos addsite</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <emphasis
5563 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis>
5564 </programlisting> <indexterm>
5565 <primary>fs commands</primary>
5567 <secondary>examine</secondary>
5568 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5569 <primary>commands</primary>
5571 <secondary>fs examine</secondary>
5576 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs examine</emphasis> command to verify that the Cache Manager can access both the
5577 <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volumes, before you attempt to
5578 replicate them. The output lists each volume's name, volumeID number, quota, size, and the size of the partition that
5579 houses them. If you get an error message instead, do not continue before taking corrective action. <programlisting>
5580 # <emphasis role="bold">./fs examine /afs</emphasis>
5581 # <emphasis role="bold">./fs examine /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>
5582 </programlisting> <indexterm>
5583 <primary>commands</primary>
5585 <secondary>vos release</secondary>
5586 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5587 <primary>vos commands</primary>
5589 <secondary>release</secondary>
5590 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5591 <primary>volume</primary>
5593 <secondary>releasing replicated</secondary>
5594 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5595 <primary>releasing replicated volume</primary>
5600 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos release</emphasis> command to release a replica of the <emphasis
5601 role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volumes to the sites you defined in Step
5602 <link linkend="LIWQ82">5</link>. <programlisting>
5603 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos release root.afs</emphasis>
5604 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos release root.cell</emphasis>
5605 </programlisting> <indexterm>
5606 <primary>fs commands</primary>
5608 <secondary>checkvolumes</secondary>
5609 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5610 <primary>commands</primary>
5612 <secondary>fs checkvolumes</secondary>
5617 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs checkvolumes</emphasis> to force the Cache Manager to notice that you have
5618 released read-only versions of the volumes, then issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs examine</emphasis> command again. This
5619 time its output mentions the read-only version of the volumes (<emphasis role="bold">root.afs.readonly</emphasis> and
5620 <emphasis role="bold">root.cell.readonly</emphasis>) instead of the read/write versions, because of the Cache Manager's
5621 bias to access the read-only version of the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume if it exists.
5623 # <emphasis role="bold">./fs checkvolumes</emphasis>
5624 # <emphasis role="bold">./fs examine /afs</emphasis>
5625 # <emphasis role="bold">./fs examine /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>
5626 </programlisting></para>
5628 </orderedlist></para>
5631 <primary>storing</primary>
5633 <secondary>AFS binaries in volumes</secondary>
5637 <primary>creating</primary>
5639 <secondary>volume</secondary>
5641 <tertiary>for AFS binaries</tertiary>
5645 <primary>volume</primary>
5647 <secondary>for AFS binaries</secondary>
5651 <primary>binaries</primary>
5653 <secondary>storing AFS in volume</secondary>
5657 <primary>usr/afsws directory</primary>
5661 <primary>directories</primary>
5663 <secondary>/usr/afsws</secondary>
5667 <sect1 id="HDRWQ83">
5668 <title>Storing AFS Binaries in AFS</title>
5670 <note><para>Sites with existing binary distribution mechanisms, including
5671 those which use packaging systems such as RPM, may wish to skip this step,
5672 and use tools native to their operating system to manage AFS configuration
5673 information.</para></note>
5675 <para>In the conventional configuration, you make AFS client binaries and configuration files available in the subdirectories of
5676 the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> directory on client machines (<emphasis role="bold">afsws</emphasis> is an
5677 acronym for <emphasis role="bold">AFS w</emphasis><emphasis>ork</emphasis><emphasis
5678 role="bold">s</emphasis><emphasis>tation</emphasis>). You can conserve local disk space by creating <emphasis
5679 role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> as a link to an AFS volume that houses the AFS client binaries and configuration files for
5680 this system type.</para>
5682 <para>In this section you create the necessary volumes. The conventional location to which to link <emphasis
5683 role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> is <emphasis role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
5684 role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis>, where
5685 <replaceable>sysname</replaceable> is the appropriate system type name as specified in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release
5686 Notes</emphasis>. The instructions in <link linkend="HDRWQ133">Installing Additional Client Machines</link> assume that you have
5687 followed the instructions in this section.</para>
5689 <para>If you have previously run AFS in the cell, the volumes possibly already exist. If so, you need to perform Step <link
5690 linkend="LIWQ86">8</link> only.</para>
5692 <para>The current working directory is still <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis>, which houses the <emphasis
5693 role="bold">fs</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">vos</emphasis> command suite binaries. In the following commands, it is
5694 possible you still need to specify the pathname to the commands, depending on how your PATH environment variable is set.
5697 <primary>commands</primary>
5699 <secondary>vos create</secondary>
5701 <tertiary>volume for AFS binaries</tertiary>
5705 <primary>vos commands</primary>
5707 <secondary>create</secondary>
5709 <tertiary>volume for AFS binaries</tertiary>
5713 <para><anchor id="LIWQ84" />Issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> command to create volumes for storing
5714 the AFS client binaries for this system type. The following example instruction creates volumes called
5715 <replaceable>sysname</replaceable>, <replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr</emphasis>, and
5716 <replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.afsws</emphasis>. Refer to the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release
5717 Notes</emphasis> to learn the proper value of <replaceable>sysname</replaceable> for this system type. <programlisting>
5718 # <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <replaceable>sysname</replaceable>
5719 # <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5720 role="bold">.usr</emphasis>
5721 # <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5722 role="bold">.usr.afsws</emphasis>
5723 </programlisting></para>
5727 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command to mount the newly created volumes. Because the
5728 <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume is replicated, you must precede the <emphasis>cellname</emphasis> part
5729 of the pathname with a period to specify the read/write mount point, as shown. Then issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos
5730 release</emphasis> command to release a new replica of the <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume, and the
5731 <emphasis role="bold">fs checkvolumes</emphasis> command to force the local Cache Manager to access them. <programlisting>
5732 # <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount -dir /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable> <emphasis
5733 role="bold">-vol</emphasis> <replaceable>sysname</replaceable>
5734 # <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount -dir /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5735 role="bold">/usr</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">-vol</emphasis> <replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5736 role="bold">.usr</emphasis>
5737 # <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount -dir /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5738 role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">-vol</emphasis> <replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5739 role="bold">.usr.afsws</emphasis>
5740 # <emphasis role="bold">vos release root.cell</emphasis>
5741 # <emphasis role="bold">fs checkvolumes</emphasis>
5742 </programlisting></para>
5746 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setacl</emphasis> command to grant the <emphasis role="bold">l</emphasis>
5747 (<emphasis role="bold">lookup</emphasis>) and <emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis> (<emphasis role="bold">read</emphasis>)
5748 permissions to the <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group on each new directory's ACL. <programlisting>
5749 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>
5750 # <emphasis role="bold">fs setacl -dir . usr usr/afsws -acl system:anyuser rl</emphasis>
5751 </programlisting> <indexterm>
5752 <primary>commands</primary>
5754 <secondary>fs setquota</secondary>
5755 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5756 <primary>fs commands</primary>
5758 <secondary>setquota</secondary>
5759 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5760 <primary>quota for volume</primary>
5761 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5762 <primary>volume</primary>
5764 <secondary>setting quota</secondary>
5765 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5766 <primary>setting</primary>
5768 <secondary>volume quota</secondary>
5773 <para><anchor id="LIWQ85" />Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setquota</emphasis> command to set an unlimited quota on
5774 the volume mounted at the <emphasis role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
5775 role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> directory. This
5776 enables you to copy all of the appropriate files from the CD-ROM into the volume without exceeding the volume's
5779 <para>If you wish, you can set the volume's quota to a finite value after you complete the copying operation. At that
5780 point, use the <emphasis role="bold">vos examine</emphasis> command to determine how much space the volume is occupying.
5781 Then issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setquota</emphasis> command to set a quota that is slightly larger.</para>
5784 # <emphasis role="bold">fs setquota /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5785 role="bold">/usr/afsws 0</emphasis>
5790 <para>Unpack the distribution tarball into the <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdist</emphasis> directory,
5791 if it is not already. <indexterm>
5792 <primary>copying</primary>
5794 <secondary>AFS binaries into volume</secondary>
5795 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5796 <primary>CD-ROM</primary>
5798 <secondary>copying AFS binaries into volume</secondary>
5799 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5800 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
5802 <secondary>copying</secondary>
5804 <tertiary>AFS binaries into volume</tertiary>
5809 <para>Copy the contents of the indicated directories from the
5810 distribution into the <emphasis
5811 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
5812 role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> directory.
5814 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5815 role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis>
5816 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp /tmp/afsdist/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/bin .</emphasis>
5817 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp /tmp/afsdist/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/etc .</emphasis>
5818 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp /tmp/afsdist/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/include .</emphasis>
5819 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp /tmp/afsdist/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/lib .</emphasis>
5822 <primary>creating</primary>
5824 <secondary>symbolic link</secondary>
5826 <tertiary>to AFS binaries</tertiary>
5827 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5828 <primary>symbolic link</primary>
5830 <secondary>to AFS binaries from local disk</secondary>
5835 <para><anchor id="LIWQ86" />Create <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> on the local disk as a symbolic link to the
5836 directory <emphasis role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
5837 role="bold">/@sys/usr/afsws</emphasis>. You can specify the actual system name instead of <emphasis
5838 role="bold">@sys</emphasis> if you wish, but the advantage of using <emphasis role="bold">@sys</emphasis> is that it
5839 remains valid if you upgrade this machine to a different system type. <programlisting>
5840 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/@sys/usr/afsws /usr/afsws</emphasis>
5841 </programlisting> <indexterm>
5842 <primary>PATH environment variable for users</primary>
5843 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5844 <primary>variables</primary>
5846 <secondary>PATH, setting for users</secondary>
5851 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> To enable users to issue commands from the AFS suites (such as <emphasis
5852 role="bold">fs</emphasis>) without having to specify a pathname to their binaries, include the <emphasis
5853 role="bold">/usr/afsws/bin</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsws/etc</emphasis> directories in the PATH
5854 environment variable you define in each user's shell initialization file (such as <emphasis
5855 role="bold">.cshrc</emphasis>).</para>
5857 </orderedlist></para>
5860 <primary>storing</primary>
5862 <secondary>AFS documentation in volumes</secondary>
5866 <primary>creating</primary>
5868 <secondary>volume</secondary>
5870 <tertiary>for AFS documentation</tertiary>
5874 <primary>volume</primary>
5876 <secondary>for AFS documentation</secondary>
5880 <primary>documentation, creating volume for AFS</primary>
5884 <primary>usr/afsdoc directory</primary>
5888 <primary>directories</primary>
5890 <secondary>/usr/afsdoc</secondary>
5894 <sect1 id="HDRWQ87">
5895 <title>Storing AFS Documents in AFS</title>
5897 <para>The AFS distribution includes the following documents: <itemizedlist>
5899 <para><emphasis>OpenAFS Release Notes</emphasis></para>
5903 <para><emphasis>OpenAFS Quick Beginnings</emphasis></para>
5907 <para><emphasis>OpenAFS User Guide</emphasis></para>
5911 <para><emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Reference</emphasis></para>
5915 <para><emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis></para>
5917 </itemizedlist></para>
5919 <note><para>OpenAFS Documentation is not currently provided with all
5920 distributions, but may be downloaded separately from the OpenAFS
5921 website</para></note>
5923 <para>The OpenAFS Documentation Distribution has a directory for each
5924 document format provided. The different formats are suitable for online
5925 viewing, printing, or both.</para>
5927 <para>This section explains how to create and mount a volume to house the documents, making them available to your users. The
5928 recommended mount point for the volume is <emphasis role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
5929 role="bold">/afsdoc</emphasis>. If you wish, you can create a link to the mount point on each client machine's local disk,
5930 called <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsdoc</emphasis>. Alternatively, you can create a link to the mount point in each user's home
5931 directory. You can also choose to permit users to access only certain documents (most probably, the <emphasis>OpenAFS User
5932 Guide</emphasis>) by creating different mount points or setting different ACLs on different document directories.</para>
5934 <para>The current working directory is still <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis>, which houses the <emphasis
5935 role="bold">fs</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">vos</emphasis> command suite binaries you use to create and mount volumes.
5936 In the following commands, it is possible you still need to specify the pathname to the commands, depending on how your PATH
5937 environment variable is set. <orderedlist>
5939 <primary>commands</primary>
5941 <secondary>vos create</secondary>
5943 <tertiary>volume for AFS documentation</tertiary>
5947 <primary>vos commands</primary>
5949 <secondary>create</secondary>
5951 <tertiary>volume for AFS documentation</tertiary>
5955 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> command to create a volume for storing the AFS documentation.
5956 Include the <emphasis role="bold">-maxquota</emphasis> argument to set an unlimited quota on the volume. This enables you
5957 to copy all of the appropriate files from the CD-ROM into the volume without exceeding the volume's quota.</para>
5959 <para>If you wish, you can set the volume's quota to a finite value after you complete the copying operations. At that
5960 point, use the <emphasis role="bold">vos examine</emphasis> command to determine how much space the volume is occupying.
5961 Then issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setquota</emphasis> command to set a quota that is slightly larger.</para>
5964 # <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <emphasis
5965 role="bold">afsdoc -maxquota 0</emphasis>
5970 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command to mount the new volume. Because the <emphasis
5971 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume is replicated, you must precede the <emphasis>cellname</emphasis> with a period to
5972 specify the read/write mount point, as shown. Then issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos release</emphasis> command to
5973 release a new replica of the <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume, and the <emphasis role="bold">fs
5974 checkvolumes</emphasis> command to force the local Cache Manager to access them. <programlisting>
5975 # <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount -dir /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/afsdoc</emphasis> <emphasis
5976 role="bold">-vol</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">afsdoc</emphasis>
5977 # <emphasis role="bold">vos release root.cell</emphasis>
5978 # <emphasis role="bold">fs checkvolumes</emphasis>
5979 </programlisting></para>
5983 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setacl</emphasis> command to grant the <emphasis role="bold">rl</emphasis>
5984 permissions to the <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group on the new directory's ACL. <programlisting>
5985 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/afsdoc</emphasis>
5986 # <emphasis role="bold">fs setacl . system:anyuser rl</emphasis>
5987 </programlisting></para>
5991 <para>Unpack the OpenAFS documentation distribution into the
5992 <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdocs</emphasis> directory. You may use
5993 a different directory, in which case the location you use should be
5994 subsituted in the following examples. For instructions on unpacking
5995 the distribution, consult the documentation for your operating
5996 system's <emphasis role="bold">tar</emphasis> command.
5998 <primary>copying</primary>
6000 <secondary>AFS documentation from distribution</secondary>
6001 </indexterm> <indexterm>
6002 <primary>OpenAFS Distribution</primary>
6004 <secondary>copying AFS documentation from</secondary>
6005 </indexterm> <indexterm>
6006 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
6008 <secondary>copying</secondary>
6010 <tertiary>AFS documentation from OpenAFS distribution</tertiary>
6011 </indexterm> <indexterm>
6012 <primary>index.htm file</primary>
6013 </indexterm> <indexterm>
6014 <primary>files</primary>
6016 <secondary>index.htm</secondary>
6021 <para>Copy the AFS documents in one or more formats from the unpacked distribution into subdirectories of the <emphasis
6022 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/afsdoc</emphasis> directory. Repeat
6023 the commands for each format. <programlisting>
6024 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir</emphasis> <replaceable>format_name</replaceable>
6025 # <emphasis role="bold">cd</emphasis> <replaceable>format_name</replaceable>
6026 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp /tmp/afsdocs/</emphasis><replaceable>format</replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">.</emphasis>
6027 </programlisting></para>
6029 <para>If you choose to store the HTML version of the documents in AFS, note that in addition to a subdirectory for each
6030 document there are several files with a <emphasis role="bold">.gif</emphasis> extension, which enable readers to move
6031 easily between sections of a document. The file called <emphasis role="bold">index.htm</emphasis> is an introductory HTML
6032 page that contains a hyperlink to each of the documents. For online viewing to work properly, these files must remain in
6033 the top-level HTML directory (the one named, for example, <emphasis
6034 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/afsdoc/html</emphasis>).</para>
6038 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> If you believe it is helpful to your users to access the AFS documents
6039 in a certain format via a local disk directory, create <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsdoc</emphasis> on the local disk as a
6040 symbolic link to the documentation directory in AFS (<emphasis
6041 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
6042 role="bold">/afsdoc/</emphasis><replaceable>format_name</replaceable>). <programlisting>
6043 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/afsdoc/</emphasis><replaceable>format_name</replaceable> <emphasis
6044 role="bold">/usr/afsdoc</emphasis>
6045 </programlisting></para>
6047 <para>An alternative is to create a link in each user's home directory to the <emphasis
6048 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
6049 role="bold">/afsdoc/</emphasis><replaceable>format_name</replaceable> directory.</para>
6051 </orderedlist></para>
6054 <primary>storing</primary>
6056 <secondary>system binaries in volumes</secondary>
6060 <primary>creating</primary>
6062 <secondary>volume</secondary>
6064 <tertiary>for system binaries</tertiary>
6068 <primary>volume</primary>
6070 <secondary>for system binaries</secondary>
6074 <primary>binaries</primary>
6076 <secondary>storing system in volumes</secondary>
6080 <sect1 id="HDRWQ88">
6081 <title>Storing System Binaries in AFS</title>
6083 <para>You can also choose to store other system binaries in AFS volumes, such as the standard UNIX programs conventionally
6084 located in local disk directories such as <emphasis role="bold">/etc</emphasis>, <emphasis role="bold">/bin</emphasis>, and
6085 <emphasis role="bold">/lib</emphasis>. Storing such binaries in an AFS volume not only frees local disk space, but makes it
6086 easier to update binaries on all client machines.</para>
6088 <para>The following is a suggested scheme for storing system binaries in AFS. It does not include instructions, but you can use
6089 the instructions in <link linkend="HDRWQ83">Storing AFS Binaries in AFS</link> (which are for AFS-specific binaries) as a
6092 <para>Some files must remain on the local disk for use when AFS is inaccessible (during bootup and file server or network
6093 outages). The required binaries include the following: <itemizedlist>
6095 <para>A text editor, network commands, and so on</para>
6099 <para>Files used during the boot sequence before the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program runs, such as
6100 initialization and configuration files, and binaries for commands that mount file systems</para>
6104 <para>Files used by dynamic kernel loader programs</para>
6106 </itemizedlist></para>
6108 <para>In most cases, it is more secure to enable only locally authenticated users to access system binaries, by granting the
6109 <emphasis role="bold">l</emphasis> (<emphasis role="bold">lookup</emphasis>) and <emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis> (<emphasis
6110 role="bold">read</emphasis>) permissions to the <emphasis role="bold">system:authuser</emphasis> group on the ACLs of
6111 directories that contain the binaries. If users need to access a binary while unauthenticated, however, the ACL on its directory
6112 must grant those permissions to the <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group.</para>
6114 <para>The following chart summarizes the suggested volume and mount point names for storing system binaries. It uses a separate
6115 volume for each directory. You already created a volume called <replaceable>sysname</replaceable> for this machine's system type
6116 when you followed the instructions in <link linkend="HDRWQ83">Storing AFS Binaries in AFS</link>.</para>
6118 <para>You can name volumes in any way you wish, and mount them at other locations than those suggested here. However, this
6119 scheme has several advantages: <itemizedlist>
6121 <para>Volume names clearly identify volume contents</para>
6125 <para>Using the <replaceable>sysname</replaceable> prefix on every volume makes it is easy to back up all of the volumes
6126 together, because the AFS Backup System enables you to define sets of volumes based on a string included in all of their
6131 <para>It makes it easy to track related volumes, keeping them together on the same file server machine if desired</para>
6135 <para>There is a clear relationship between volume name and mount point name</para>
6137 </itemizedlist></para>
6139 <informaltable frame="none">
6141 <colspec colwidth="50*" />
6143 <colspec colwidth="50*" />
6147 <entry><emphasis role="bold">Volume Name</emphasis></entry>
6149 <entry><emphasis role="bold">Mount Point</emphasis></entry>
6155 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable></entry>
6158 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable></entry>
6162 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">bin</emphasis></entry>
6165 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
6166 role="bold">/bin</emphasis></entry>
6170 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">etc</emphasis></entry>
6173 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
6174 role="bold">/etc</emphasis></entry>
6178 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr</emphasis></entry>
6181 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
6182 role="bold">/usr</emphasis></entry>
6186 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.afsws</emphasis></entry>
6189 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
6190 role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis></entry>
6194 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.bin</emphasis></entry>
6197 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
6198 role="bold">/usr/bin</emphasis></entry>
6202 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.etc</emphasis></entry>
6205 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
6206 role="bold">/usr/etc</emphasis></entry>
6210 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.inc</emphasis></entry>
6213 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
6214 role="bold">/usr/include</emphasis></entry>
6218 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.lib</emphasis></entry>
6221 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
6222 role="bold">/usr/lib</emphasis></entry>
6226 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.loc</emphasis></entry>
6229 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
6230 role="bold">/usr/local</emphasis></entry>
6234 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.man</emphasis></entry>
6237 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
6238 role="bold">/usr/man</emphasis></entry>
6242 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.sys</emphasis></entry>
6245 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
6246 role="bold">/usr/sys</emphasis></entry>
6253 <primary>foreign cell, enabling access</primary>
6257 <primary>cell</primary>
6259 <secondary>enabling access to foreign</secondary>
6263 <primary>access</primary>
6265 <secondary>to local and foreign cells</secondary>
6269 <primary>AFS filespace</primary>
6271 <secondary>enabling access to foreign cells</secondary>
6275 <primary>root.cell volume</primary>
6277 <secondary>mounting for foreign cells in local filespace</secondary>
6281 <primary>database server machine</primary>
6283 <secondary>entry in client CellServDB file</secondary>
6285 <tertiary>for foreign cell</tertiary>
6289 <primary>CellServDB file (client)</primary>
6291 <secondary>adding entry</secondary>
6293 <tertiary>for foreign cell</tertiary>
6297 <sect1 id="HDRWQ91">
6298 <title>Enabling Access to Foreign Cells</title>
6300 <para>With current OpenAFS releases, there exist a number of mechanisms for
6301 providing access to foreign cells. You may add mount points in your AFS
6302 filespace for each foreign cell you wish users to access, or you can
6303 enable a 'synthetic' AFS root, which contains mountpoints for either all
6304 AFS cells defined in the client machine's local
6305 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis>, or for all cells
6306 providing location information in the DNS.
6310 <title>Enabling a Synthetic AFS root</title>
6312 <para>When a synthetic root is enabled, the client cache machine creates its
6313 own root.afs volume, rather than using the one provided with your cell. This
6314 allows clients to access all cells in the
6315 <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file and, optionally, all cells
6316 registered in the DNS, without requiring system administrator action to
6317 enable this access. Using a synthetic root has the additional advantage that
6318 it allows a client to start its AFS service without a network available, as
6319 it is no longer necessary to contact a fileserver to obtain the root volume.
6322 <para>OpenAFS supports two complimentary mechanisms for creating the
6323 synthetic root. Starting the cache manager with the
6324 <emphasis role="bold">-dynroot</emphasis> option adds all cells listed
6325 in <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> to the client's
6326 AFS root. Adding the <emphasis role="bold">-afsdb</emphasis> option in
6327 addition to this enables DNS lookups for any cells that are not found in
6328 the client's CellServDB file. Both of these options are added to the AFS
6329 initialisation script, or options file, as detailed in
6330 <link linkend="HDRWQ70">Configuring the Cache Manager</link>.</para>
6333 <title>Adding foreign cells to a conventional root volume</title>
6335 <para>In this section you create a mount point in your AFS filespace for the <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume
6336 of each foreign cell that you want to enable your users to access. For users working on a client machine to access the cell,
6337 there must in addition be an entry for it in the client machine's local <emphasis
6338 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> file. (The instructions in <link linkend="HDRWQ66">Creating the Client
6339 CellServDB File</link> suggest that you use the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB.sample</emphasis> file included in the AFS
6340 distribution as the basis for your cell's client <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file. The sample file lists all of
6341 the cells that had agreed to participate in the AFS global namespace at the time your AFS CD-ROM was created. As mentioned in
6342 that section, the AFS Product Support group also maintains a copy of the file, updating it as necessary.)</para>
6344 <para>The chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about cell administration and configuration issues
6345 discusses the implications of participating in the global AFS namespace. The chapter about administering client machines
6346 explains how to maintain knowledge of foreign cells on client machines, and includes suggestions for maintaining a central
6347 version of the file in AFS. <orderedlist>
6349 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command to mount each foreign cell's <emphasis
6350 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume on a directory called <emphasis
6351 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>foreign_cell</replaceable>. Because the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis>
6352 volume is replicated, you must create a temporary mount point for its read/write version in a directory to which you have
6353 write access (such as your cell's <emphasis role="bold">/afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable> directory).
6354 Create the mount points, issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos release</emphasis> command to release new replicas to the
6355 read-only sites for the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume, and issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs
6356 checkvolumes</emphasis> command to force the local Cache Manager to access the new replica.</para>
6359 <para>You need to issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command only once for each foreign cell's
6360 <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume. You do not need to repeat the command on each client machine.</para>
6363 <para>Substitute your cell's name for <replaceable>cellname</replaceable>.</para>
6366 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>
6367 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs mkmount temp root.afs</emphasis>
6370 <para>Repeat the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command for each foreign cell you wish to mount at this
6374 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs mkmount temp/</emphasis><replaceable>foreign_cell</replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">root.cell -c</emphasis> <replaceable>foreign_cell</replaceable>
6377 <para>Issue the following commands only once.</para>
6380 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs rmmount temp</emphasis>
6381 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/vos release root.afs</emphasis>
6382 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs checkvolumes</emphasis>
6386 <primary>fs commands</primary>
6388 <secondary>newcell</secondary>
6392 <primary>commands</primary>
6394 <secondary>fs newcell</secondary>
6399 <para><anchor id="LIWQ92" />If this machine is going to remain an AFS client after you complete the installation, verify
6400 that the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> file includes an entry for each foreign
6403 <para>For each cell that does not already have an entry, complete the following instructions: <orderedlist>
6405 <para>Create an entry in the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file. Be sure to comply with the formatting
6406 instructions in <link linkend="HDRWQ66">Creating the Client CellServDB File</link>.</para>
6410 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs newcell</emphasis> command to add an entry for the cell directly to the
6411 list that the Cache Manager maintains in kernel memory. Provide each database server machine's fully qualified
6412 hostname. <programlisting>
6413 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs newcell</emphasis> <<replaceable>foreign_cell</replaceable>> <<replaceable>dbserver1></replaceable> \
6414 [<<replaceable>dbserver2></replaceable>] [<<replaceable>dbserver3></replaceable>]
6415 </programlisting></para>
6419 <para>If you plan to maintain a central version of the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file (the
6420 conventional location is <emphasis role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
6421 role="bold">/common/etc/CellServDB</emphasis>), create it now as a copy of the local <emphasis
6422 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> file. Verify that it includes an entry for each foreign cell you
6423 want your users to be able to access. <programlisting>
6424 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir common</emphasis>
6425 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir common/etc</emphasis>
6426 # <emphasis role="bold">cp /usr/vice/etc/CellServDB common/etc</emphasis>
6427 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/vos release root.cell</emphasis>
6428 </programlisting></para>
6430 </orderedlist></para>
6434 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">ls</emphasis> command to verify that the new cell's mount point is visible in your
6435 filespace. The output lists the directories at the top level of the new cell's AFS filespace. <programlisting>
6436 # <emphasis role="bold">ls /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>foreign_cell</replaceable>
6437 </programlisting></para>
6441 <para>If you wish to participate in the global AFS namespace, and only
6442 intend running one database server, please
6443 register your cell with grand.central.org at this time.
6444 To do so, email the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> fragment
6445 describing your cell, together with a contact name and email address
6446 for any queries, to cellservdb@grand.central.org. If you intend
6447 on deploying multiple database servers, please wait until you have
6448 installed all of them before registering your cell.</para>
6451 <para>If you wish to allow your cell to be located through DNS lookups,
6452 at this time you should also add the necessary configuration to your
6455 <para>AFS database servers may be located by creating AFSDB records
6456 in the DNS for the domain name corresponding to the name of your cell.
6457 It's outside the scope of this guide to give an indepth description of
6458 managing, or configuring, your site's DNS. You should consult the
6459 documentation for your DNS server for further details on AFSDB
6462 </orderedlist></para>
6466 <sect1 id="HDRWQ93">
6467 <title>Improving Cell Security</title>
6470 <primary>cell</primary>
6472 <secondary>improving security</secondary>
6476 <primary>security</primary>
6478 <secondary>improving</secondary>
6482 <primary>root superuser</primary>
6484 <secondary>controlling access</secondary>
6488 <primary>access</primary>
6490 <secondary>to root and admin accounts</secondary>
6494 <primary>admin account</primary>
6496 <secondary>controlling access to</secondary>
6500 <primary>AFS filespace</primary>
6502 <secondary>controlling access by root superuser</secondary>
6505 <para>This section discusses ways to improve the security of AFS data
6506 in your cell. Also see the chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS
6507 Administration Guide</emphasis> about configuration and administration
6510 <sect2 id="HDRWQ94">
6511 <title>Controlling root Access</title>
6513 <para>As on any machine, it is important to prevent unauthorized users from logging onto an AFS server or client machine as
6514 the local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>. Take care to keep the <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
6515 password secret.</para>
6517 <para>The local <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis> superuser does not have special access to AFS data through the Cache
6518 Manager (as members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group do), but it does have the following
6519 privileges: <itemizedlist>
6521 <para>On client machines, the ability to issue commands from the <emphasis role="bold">fs</emphasis> suite that affect
6522 AFS performance</para>
6526 <para>On server machines, the ability to disable authorization checking, or to install rogue process binaries</para>
6528 </itemizedlist></para>
6531 <sect2 id="HDRWQ95">
6532 <title>Controlling System Administrator Access</title>
6534 <para>Following are suggestions for managing AFS administrative privilege: <itemizedlist>
6536 <para>Create an administrative account for each administrator named
6538 <replaceable>username</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">.admin</emphasis>.
6539 Administrators authenticate under these identities only when
6540 performing administrative tasks, and destroy the administrative
6541 tokens immediately after finishing the task (either by issuing the
6542 <emphasis role="bold">unlog</emphasis> command, or the
6543 <emphasis role="bold">kinit</emphasis> and
6544 <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis> commands to adopt their
6545 regular identity).</para>
6549 <para>Set a short ticket lifetime for administrator accounts (for example, 20 minutes) by using the
6550 facilities of your KDC. For instance, with a MIT Kerberos KDC, this
6551 can be performed using the
6552 <emphasis role="bold">--max-ticket-life</emphasis> argument to
6553 the <emphasis role="bold">kadmin modify_principal</emphasis>
6554 command. Do not however, use a short lifetime for users
6555 who issue long-running <emphasis role="bold">backup</emphasis> commands.</para>
6559 <para>Limit the number of system administrators in your cell, especially those who belong to the <emphasis
6560 role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group. By default they have all ACL rights on all directories in the local
6561 AFS filespace, and therefore must be trusted not to examine private files.</para>
6565 <para>Limit the use of system administrator accounts on machines in public areas. It is especially important not to
6566 leave such machines unattended without first destroying the administrative tokens.</para>
6570 <para>Limit the use by administrators of standard UNIX commands that make connections to remote machines (such as the
6571 <emphasis role="bold">telnet</emphasis> utility). Many of these programs send passwords across the network without
6572 encrypting them.</para>
6574 </itemizedlist></para>
6577 <primary>BOS Server</primary>
6579 <secondary>checking mode bits on AFS directories</secondary>
6583 <primary>mode bits on local AFS directories</primary>
6587 <primary>UNIX mode bits on local AFS directories</primary>
6591 <sect2 id="HDRWQ96">
6592 <title>Protecting Sensitive AFS Directories</title>
6594 <para>Some subdirectories of the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs</emphasis> directory contain files crucial to cell security.
6595 Unauthorized users must not read or write to these files because of the potential for misuse of the information they
6598 <para>As the BOS Server initializes for the first time on a server machine, it creates several files and directories (as
6599 mentioned in <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>). It sets their owner to the local superuser <emphasis
6600 role="bold">root</emphasis> and sets their mode bits to enable writing by the owner only; in some cases, it also restricts
6603 <para>At each subsequent restart, the BOS Server checks that the owner and mode bits on these files are still set
6604 appropriately. If they are not, it write the following message to the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/logs/BosLog</emphasis>
6608 Bosserver reports inappropriate access on server directories
6611 <para>The BOS Server does not reset the mode bits, which enables you to set alternate values if you wish.</para>
6613 <para>The following charts lists the expected mode bit settings. A question mark indicates that the BOS Server does not check
6614 that mode bit.</para>
6616 <informaltable frame="none">
6618 <colspec colwidth="30*" />
6620 <colspec colwidth="70*" />
6624 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs</emphasis></entry>
6626 <entry><computeroutput>drwxr</computeroutput>?<computeroutput>xr-x</computeroutput></entry>
6630 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/backup</emphasis></entry>
6632 <entry><computeroutput>drwx</computeroutput>???<computeroutput>---</computeroutput></entry>
6636 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis></entry>
6638 <entry><computeroutput>drwxr</computeroutput>?<computeroutput>xr-x</computeroutput></entry>
6642 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/db</emphasis></entry>
6644 <entry><computeroutput>drwx</computeroutput>???<computeroutput>---</computeroutput></entry>
6648 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis></entry>
6650 <entry><computeroutput>drwxr</computeroutput>?<computeroutput>xr-x</computeroutput></entry>
6654 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/KeyFile</emphasis></entry>
6656 <entry><computeroutput>-rw</computeroutput>????<computeroutput>---</computeroutput></entry>
6660 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/UserList</emphasis></entry>
6662 <entry><computeroutput>-rw</computeroutput>?????<computeroutput>--</computeroutput></entry>
6666 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/local</emphasis></entry>
6668 <entry><computeroutput>drwx</computeroutput>???<computeroutput>---</computeroutput></entry>
6672 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/logs</emphasis></entry>
6674 <entry><computeroutput>drwxr</computeroutput>?<computeroutput>xr-x</computeroutput></entry>
6681 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
6683 <secondary>client functionality</secondary>
6685 <tertiary>removing</tertiary>
6689 <primary>removing</primary>
6691 <secondary>client functionality from first AFS machine</secondary>
6696 <sect1 id="HDRWQ98">
6697 <title>Removing Client Functionality</title>
6699 <para>Follow the instructions in this section only if you do not wish this machine to remain an AFS client. Removing client
6700 functionality means that you cannot use this machine to access AFS files. <orderedlist>
6702 <para>Remove the files from the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory. The command does not remove the
6703 directory for files used by the dynamic kernel loader program, if it exists on this system type. Those files are still
6704 needed on a server-only machine. <programlisting>
6705 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
6706 # <emphasis role="bold">rm *</emphasis>
6707 # <emphasis role="bold">rm -rf C</emphasis>
6708 </programlisting></para>
6712 <para>Create symbolic links to the <emphasis role="bold">ThisCell</emphasis> and <emphasis
6713 role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> files in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis> directory. This makes it
6714 possible to issue commands from the AFS command suites (such as <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis> and <emphasis
6715 role="bold">fs</emphasis>) on this machine. <programlisting>
6716 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/afs/etc/ThisCell ThisCell</emphasis>
6717 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/afs/etc/CellServDB CellServDB</emphasis>
6718 </programlisting></para>
6722 <para>On IRIX systems, issue the <emphasis role="bold">chkconfig</emphasis> command to deactivate the <emphasis
6723 role="bold">afsclient</emphasis> configuration variable. <programlisting>
6724 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/chkconfig -f afsclient off</emphasis>
6725 </programlisting></para>
6729 <para>Reboot the machine. Most system types use the <emphasis role="bold">shutdown</emphasis> command, but the appropriate
6730 options vary. <programlisting>
6731 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
6732 # <emphasis role="bold">shutdown</emphasis> <replaceable>appropriate_options</replaceable>
6733 </programlisting></para>
6735 </orderedlist></para>