1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
3 <title>Installing the First AFS Machine</title>
7 <primary>file server machine</primary>
9 <seealso>first AFS machine</seealso>
11 <seealso>file server machine, additional</seealso>
15 <primary>instructions</primary>
17 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
21 <primary>installing</primary>
23 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
26 This chapter describes how to install the first AFS machine in your cell, configuring it as both a file server machine and a
27 client machine. After completing all procedures in this chapter, you can remove the client functionality if you wish, as described
28 in <link linkend="HDRWQ98">Removing Client Functionality</link>.</para>
30 <para>To install additional file server machines after completing this chapter, see <link linkend="HDRWQ99">Installing Additional
31 Server Machines</link>.</para>
33 <para>To install additional client machines after completing this chapter, see <link linkend="HDRWQ133">Installing Additional
34 Client Machines</link>. <indexterm>
35 <primary>requirements</primary>
37 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
40 <sect1 id="Header_29">
41 <title>Requirements and Configuration Decisions</title>
43 <para>The instructions in this chapter assume that you meet the following requirements.
46 <para>You are logged onto the machine's console as the local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis></para>
50 <para>A standard version of one of the operating systems supported by the current version of AFS is running on the
55 <para>You have either installed the provided OpenAFS packages for
56 your system, have access to a binary distribution tarball, or have
57 successfully built OpenAFS from source</para>
61 <para>You have a Kerberos v5 realm running for your site. If you are
62 working with an existing cell which uses
63 <emphasis role="bold">kaserver</emphasis> or Kerberos v4 for
64 authentication, please see
65 <link linkend="KAS001">kaserver and Legacy Kerberos v4 Authentication</link>
66 for the modifications required to this installation procedure.</para>
70 <para>You have NTP or a similar time service deployed to ensure
71 rough clock syncronistation between your clients and servers.</para>
73 </itemizedlist></para>
75 <para>You must make the following configuration decisions while installing the first AFS machine. To speed the installation
76 itself, it is best to make the decisions before beginning. See the chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration
77 Guide</emphasis> about issues in cell administration and configuration for detailed guidelines. <indexterm>
78 <primary>cell name</primary>
80 <secondary>choosing</secondary>
81 </indexterm> <indexterm>
82 <primary>AFS filespace</primary>
84 <secondary>deciding how to configure</secondary>
85 </indexterm> <indexterm>
86 <primary>filespace</primary>
88 <see>AFS filespace</see>
89 </indexterm> <itemizedlist>
91 <para>Select the first AFS machine</para>
95 <para>Select the cell name</para>
99 <para>Decide which partitions or logical volumes to configure as AFS server partitions, and choose the directory names on
100 which to mount them</para>
104 <para>Decide how big to make the client cache</para>
108 <para>Decide how to configure the top levels of your cell's AFS filespace</para>
110 </itemizedlist></para>
112 <para>This chapter is divided into three large sections corresponding to the three parts of installing the first AFS machine.
113 Perform all of the steps in the order they appear. Each functional section begins with a summary of the procedures to perform.
114 The sections are as follows: <itemizedlist>
116 <para>Installing server functionality (begins in <link linkend="HDRWQ18">Overview: Installing Server
117 Functionality</link>)</para>
121 <para>Installing client functionality (begins in <link linkend="HDRWQ63">Overview: Installing Client
122 Functionality</link>)</para>
126 <para>Configuring your cell's filespace, establishing further security mechanisms, and enabling access to foreign cells
127 (begins in <link linkend="HDRWQ71">Overview: Completing the Installation of the First AFS Machine</link>)</para>
129 </itemizedlist></para>
132 <primary>overview</primary>
134 <secondary>installing server functionality on first AFS machine</secondary>
138 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
140 <secondary>server functionality</secondary>
144 <primary>installing</primary>
146 <secondary>server functionality</secondary>
148 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
153 <title>Overview: Installing Server Functionality</title>
155 <para>In the first phase of installing your cell's first AFS machine, you install file server and database server functionality
156 by performing the following procedures:
159 <para>Choose which machine to install as the first AFS machine</para>
163 <para>Create AFS-related directories on the local disk</para>
167 <para>Incorporate AFS modifications into the machine's kernel</para>
171 <para>Configure partitions or logical volumes for storing AFS volumes</para>
175 <para>On some system types, install and configure an AFS-modified version of the <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis>
180 <para>If the machine is to remain a client machine, incorporate AFS into its authentication system</para>
184 <para>Start the Basic OverSeer (BOS) Server</para>
188 <para>Define the cell name and the machine's cell membership</para>
192 <para>Start the database server processes: Backup Server, Protection Server, and Volume Location
197 <para>Configure initial security mechanisms</para>
201 <para>Start the <emphasis role="bold">fs</emphasis> process, which incorporates three component processes: the File
202 Server, Volume Server, and Salvager</para>
206 <para>Optionally, start the server portion of the Update Server</para>
209 </orderedlist></para>
213 <title>Choosing the First AFS Machine</title>
215 <para>The first AFS machine you install must have sufficient disk space to store AFS volumes. To take best advantage of AFS's
216 capabilities, store client-side binaries as well as user files in volumes. When you later install additional file server
217 machines in your cell, you can distribute these volumes among the different machines as you see fit.</para>
219 <para>These instructions configure the first AFS machine as a <emphasis>database server machine</emphasis>, the <emphasis>binary
220 distribution machine</emphasis> for its system type, and the cell's <emphasis>system control machine</emphasis>. For a
221 description of these roles, see the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis>.</para>
223 <para>Installation of additional machines is simplest if the first machine has the lowest IP address of any database server
224 machine you currently plan to install. If you later install database server functionality on a machine with a lower IP address,
225 you must first update the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> file on all of your cell's client machines.
226 For more details, see <link linkend="HDRWQ114">Installing Database Server Functionality</link>.</para>
229 <sect1 id="Header_32">
230 <title>Creating AFS Directories</title>
233 <primary>usr/afs directory</primary>
235 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
239 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
241 <secondary>/usr/afs directory</secondary>
245 <primary>creating</primary>
247 <secondary>/usr/afs directory</secondary>
249 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
253 <primary>usr/vice/etc directory</primary>
255 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
259 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
261 <secondary>/usr/vice/etc directory</secondary>
265 <primary>creating</primary>
267 <secondary>/usr/vice/etc directory</secondary>
269 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
273 <primary>/ as start to file and directory names</primary>
275 <secondary>see alphabetized entries without initial slash</secondary>
278 <para>If you are installing from packages (such as Debian .deb or
279 Fedora/SuSe .rpm files), you should now install all of the available
280 OpenAFS packages for your system type. Typically, these will include
281 packages for client and server functionality, and a seperate package
282 containing a suitable kernel module for your running kernel. Consult
283 the package lists on the OpenAFS website to determine the packages
284 appropriate for your system.</para>
286 <para>If you are installing from a tarfile, or from a locally compiled
287 source tree you should create the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs</emphasis>
288 and <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directories on the
289 local disk, to house server and client files respectively. Subsequent
290 instructions copy files from the distribution tarfile into them. </para>
292 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /usr/afs</emphasis>
293 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /usr/vice</emphasis>
294 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
299 <title>Performing Platform-Specific Procedures</title>
301 <para>Several of the initial procedures for installing a file server machine differ for each system type. For convenience, the
302 following sections group them together for each system type: <itemizedlist>
304 <primary>kernel extensions</primary>
306 <see>AFS kernel extensions</see>
310 <primary>loading AFS kernel extensions</primary>
312 <see>incorporating</see>
316 <primary>building</primary>
318 <secondary>AFS extensions into kernel</secondary>
320 <see>incorporating AFS kernel extensions</see>
324 <para>Incorporate AFS modifications into the kernel.</para>
326 <para>The kernel on every AFS client machine and, on some systems,
327 the AFS fileservers, must incorporate AFS extensions. On machines
328 that use a dynamic kernel module loader, it is conventional to
329 alter the machine's initialization script to load the AFS extensions
330 at each reboot. <indexterm>
331 <primary>AFS server partition</primary>
333 <secondary>mounted on /vicep directory</secondary>
334 </indexterm> <indexterm>
335 <primary>partition</primary>
337 <see>AFS server partition</see>
338 </indexterm> <indexterm>
339 <primary>logical volume</primary>
341 <see>AFS server partition</see>
342 </indexterm> <indexterm>
343 <primary>requirements</primary>
345 <secondary>AFS server partition name and location</secondary>
346 </indexterm> <indexterm>
347 <primary>naming conventions for AFS server partition</primary>
348 </indexterm> <indexterm>
349 <primary>vicep<emphasis>xx</emphasis> directory</primary>
351 <see>AFS server partition</see>
352 </indexterm> <indexterm>
353 <primary>directories</primary>
355 <secondary>/vicep<emphasis>xx</emphasis></secondary>
357 <see>AFS server partition</see>
362 <para>Configure server partitions or logical volumes to house AFS volumes.</para>
364 <para>Every AFS file server machine must have at least one partition or logical volume dedicated to storing AFS volumes
365 (for convenience, the documentation hereafter refers to partitions only). Each server partition is mounted at a directory
366 named <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>, where <replaceable>xx</replaceable> is one or
367 two lowercase letters. By convention, the first 26 partitions are mounted on the directories called <emphasis
368 role="bold">/vicepa</emphasis> through <emphasis role="bold">/vicepz</emphasis>, the 27th one is mounted on the <emphasis
369 role="bold">/vicepaa</emphasis> directory, and so on through <emphasis role="bold">/vicepaz</emphasis> and <emphasis
370 role="bold">/vicepba</emphasis>, continuing up to the index corresponding to the maximum number of server partitions
371 supported in the current version of AFS (which is specified in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release Notes</emphasis>).</para>
373 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directories must reside in the file server
374 machine's root directory, not in one of its subdirectories (for example, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vicepa</emphasis> is
375 not an acceptable directory location).
377 The <emphasis role="bold">fileserver</emphasis> will refuse to
379 any <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>
380 folders that are not separate partitions. </para>
383 <para>The separate partition requirement may be overridden by
384 creating a file named
385 <emphasis role="bold">/vicep<replaceable>xx</replaceable>/AlwaysAttach</emphasis>;
386 however, mixed-use partitions, whether cache or fileserver,
387 have the risk that a non-AFS use will fill the partition and
388 not leave enough free space for AFS. Even though it is
389 allowed, be wary of configuring a mixed-use partition
390 without understanding the ramifications of doing so with the
391 workload on your filesystem.
393 <primary>AFS server partition</primary>
394 <secondary>AlwaysAttach</secondary>
399 <para>You can also add or remove server partitions on an existing file server machine. For instructions, see the chapter
400 in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about maintaining server machines.</para>
403 <para>Not all file system types supported by an operating system are necessarily supported as AFS server partitions. For
404 possible restrictions, see the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release Notes</emphasis>.</para>
409 <para>On system types using the <emphasis role="bold">inode</emphasis> storage format, install and configure a modified <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program which
410 recognizes the structures that the File Server uses to organize volume data on AFS server partitions. The <emphasis
411 role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program provided with the operating system does not understand the AFS data structures, and so
412 removes them to the <emphasis role="bold">lost+found</emphasis> directory.</para>
416 <para>If the machine is to remain an AFS client machine, modify the machine's authentication system so that users obtain
417 an AFS token as they log into the local file system. Using AFS is simpler and more convenient for your users if you make
418 the modifications on all client machines. Otherwise, users must perform a two or three step login procedure (login to the local
419 system, then obtain Kerberos credentials, and then issue the <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis> command). For further discussion of AFS
420 authentication, see the chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about cell configuration and
421 administration issues.</para>
423 </itemizedlist></para>
425 <para>To continue, proceed to the appropriate section: <itemizedlist>
427 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ41">Getting Started on Linux Systems</link></para>
431 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ45">Getting Started on Solaris Systems</link></para>
435 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ21">Getting Started on AIX Systems</link></para>
437 </itemizedlist></para>
441 <title>Getting Started on Linux Systems</title>
444 <primary>replacing fsck program</primary>
446 <secondary>not necessary on Linux</secondary>
450 <primary>fsck program</primary>
452 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
454 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
458 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
460 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
462 <tertiary>on Linux</tertiary>
466 <primary>Linux</primary>
468 <secondary>fsck program replacement not necessary</secondary>
471 <para>Since this guide was originally written, the procedure for starting
472 OpenAFS has diverged significantly between different Linux distributions.
473 The instructions that follow are appropriate for both the Fedora and
474 RedHat Enterprise Linux packages distributed by OpenAFS. Additional
475 instructions are provided for those building from source.</para>
477 <para>Begin by running the AFS client startup scripts, which call the
478 <emphasis role="bold">modprobe</emphasis> program to dynamically
479 load the AFS modifications into the kernel. Then create partitions for
480 storing AFS volumes. You do not need to replace the Linux <emphasis
481 role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program. If the machine is to remain an
482 AFS client machine, incorporate AFS into the machine's Pluggable
483 Authentication Module (PAM) scheme. <indexterm>
484 <primary>incorporating AFS kernel extensions</primary>
486 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
488 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
489 </indexterm> <indexterm>
490 <primary>AFS kernel extensions</primary>
492 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
494 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
495 </indexterm> <indexterm>
496 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
498 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
500 <tertiary>on Linux</tertiary>
501 </indexterm> <indexterm>
502 <primary>Linux</primary>
504 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
506 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
510 <title>Loading AFS into the Linux Kernel</title>
512 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">modprobe</emphasis> program is the dynamic kernel loader for Linux. Linux does not support
513 incorporation of AFS modifications during a kernel build.</para>
515 <para>For AFS to function correctly, the <emphasis role="bold">modprobe</emphasis> program must run each time the machine
516 reboots, so your distribution's AFS initialization script invokes it automatically. The script also includes
517 commands that select the appropriate AFS library file automatically. In this section you run the script.</para>
519 <para>In later sections you verify that the script correctly initializes all AFS components, then activate a configuration
520 variable, which results in the script being incorporated into the Linux startup and shutdown sequence.</para>
522 <para>The procedure for starting up OpenAFS depends upon your distribution</para>
524 <title>Fedora and RedHat Enterprise Linux</title>
525 <para>OpenAFS provides RPMS for all current Fedora and RedHat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) releases on the OpenAFS web site and the OpenAFS yum repository.
529 http://dl.openafs.org/dl/openafs/<replaceable>VERSION</replaceable>,
530 where VERSION is the latest stable release of
531 OpenAFS. Download the
532 openafs-repository-<replaceable>VERSION</replaceable>.noarch.rpm
533 file for Fedora systems or the
534 openafs-repository-rhel-<replaceable>VERSION</replaceable>.noarch.rpm
535 file for RedHat-based systems.
539 <para>Install the downloaded RPM file using the following command:
541 # rpm -U openafs-repository*.rpm
546 <para>Install the RPM set for your operating system using the yum command as follows:
548 # yum -y install openafs-client openafs-server openafs-krb5 kmod-openafs
552 <para>Alternatively, you may use dynamically-compiled kernel
553 modules if you have the kernel headers, a compiler, and the
555 <ulink url="http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL"><citetitle>EPEL</citetitle></ulink> installed.
558 <para>To use dynamically-compiled kernel modules instead of statically compiled modules, use the following command instead of the kmod-openafs as shown above:
560 # yum install openafs-client openafs-server openafs-krb5 dkms-openafs
564 <!-- If you do this with current RHEL and Fedora releases you end up with
565 a dynroot'd client running - this breaks setting up the root.afs volume
566 as described later in this guide
568 <para>Run the AFS initialization script to load AFS extensions into
569 the kernel. You can ignore any error messages about the inability
570 to start the BOS Server or the Cache Manager or AFS client.</para>
572 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.d/init.d/openafs-client start</emphasis>
580 <title>Debian and Ubuntu Linux</title>
581 <para>OpenAFS is available as binary packages from the Debian
582 linux distribution and its derivatives such as Ubuntu.
585 <para>Install the client and server packages using the following command:
587 # apt-get install openafs-client openafs-modules-dkms openafs-krb5 \
588 openafs-fileserver openafs-dbserver
590 You will be prompted by debconf to select your cell name and
591 the size of your local cache.
596 <para>The Debian package also includes helper scripts
597 <literal>afs-newcell</literal> and <literal>afs-rootvol</literal>,
598 which can automate much of the remainder of this document.
602 <title>Systems built from source</title>
603 <para>If you are running a system where
604 you have built the system from
605 source yourself, you need to install the relevant components by hand:
610 <para>Unpack the distribution tarball. The examples below assume
611 that you have extracted and built OpenAFS in the
612 <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdist</emphasis> directory. If you
613 pick a different location, substitute this in all of the following
614 examples. Once you have compiled the distribution,
615 change to the source directory as indicated.
617 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /tmp/afsdist</emphasis>
618 </programlisting></para>
622 <para>Copy the AFS kernel library files to the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/modload</emphasis> directory.
623 The filenames for the libraries have the format <emphasis
624 role="bold">libafs-</emphasis><replaceable>version</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">.o</emphasis>, where
625 <replaceable>version</replaceable> indicates the kernel build level. The string <emphasis role="bold">.mp</emphasis> in
626 the <replaceable>version</replaceable> indicates that the file is appropriate for machines running a multiprocessor
627 kernel. <programlisting>
628 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir -p /usr/vice/etc/modload</emphasis>
629 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp src/libafs/*.ko /usr/vice/etc/modload</emphasis>
630 </programlisting></para>
634 <para>Copy the AFS initialization script to the local directory for initialization files (by convention, <emphasis
635 role="bold">/etc/rc.d/init.d</emphasis> on Linux machines). Note the removal of the <emphasis role="bold">.rc</emphasis>
636 extension as you copy the script. <programlisting>
637 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p src/afsd/afs.rc.linux /etc/rc.d/init.d/afs</emphasis>
638 </programlisting></para>
644 <primary>configuring</primary>
646 <secondary>AFS server partition on first AFS machine</secondary>
648 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
652 <primary>AFS server partition</primary>
654 <secondary>configuring on first AFS machine</secondary>
656 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
660 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
662 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
664 <tertiary>on Linux</tertiary>
668 <primary>Linux</primary>
670 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
672 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
678 <title>Configuring Server Partitions on Linux Systems</title>
680 <para>Every AFS file server machine must have at least one partition or logical volume dedicated to storing AFS volumes. Each
681 server partition is mounted at a directory named <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>, where
682 <replaceable>xx</replaceable> is one or two lowercase letters. The <emphasis
683 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directories must reside in the file server machine's root
684 directory, not in one of its subdirectories (for example, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vicepa</emphasis> is not an acceptable
685 directory location). For additional information, see <link linkend="HDRWQ20">Performing Platform-Specific Procedures</link>.
688 <para>Create a directory called <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> for each AFS server
689 partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition. <programlisting>
690 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>
691 </programlisting></para>
695 <para>Add a line with the following format to the file systems registry file, <emphasis
696 role="bold">/etc/fstab</emphasis>, for each directory just created. The entry maps the directory name to the disk
697 partition to be mounted on it. <programlisting>
698 /dev/<replaceable>disk</replaceable> /vicep<replaceable>xx</replaceable> ext2 defaults 0 2
699 </programlisting></para>
701 <para>The following is an example for the first partition being configured.</para>
704 /dev/sda8 /vicepa ext2 defaults 0 2
709 <para>Create a file system on each partition that is to be mounted at a <emphasis
710 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directory. The following command is probably appropriate, but
711 consult the Linux documentation for more information. <programlisting>
712 # <emphasis role="bold">mkfs -v /dev/</emphasis><replaceable>disk</replaceable>
713 </programlisting></para>
717 <para>Mount each partition by issuing either the <emphasis role="bold">mount -a</emphasis> command to mount all
718 partitions at once or the <emphasis role="bold">mount</emphasis> command to mount each partition in turn.</para>
722 <para>If you plan to retain client functionality on this machine after completing the installation, proceed to <link
723 linkend="HDRWQ44">Enabling AFS Login on Linux Systems</link>. Otherwise, proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the
724 BOS Server</link>.</para>
726 </orderedlist></para>
729 <primary>enabling AFS login</primary>
731 <secondary>file server machine</secondary>
733 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
737 <primary>AFS login</primary>
739 <secondary>on file server machine</secondary>
741 <tertiary>Linux</tertiary>
745 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
747 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
749 <tertiary>on Linux</tertiary>
753 <primary>Linux</primary>
755 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
757 <tertiary>on file server machine</tertiary>
761 <primary>PAM</primary>
763 <secondary>on Linux</secondary>
765 <tertiary>file server machine</tertiary>
770 <title>Enabling AFS Login on Linux Systems</title>
773 <para>If you plan to remove client functionality from this machine
774 after completing the installation, skip this section and proceed
775 to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>.</para>
778 <para>At this point you incorporate AFS into the operating system's
779 Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) scheme. PAM integrates all
780 authentication mechanisms on the machine, including login, to provide
781 the security infrastructure for authenticated access to and from the
784 <para>You should first configure your system to obtain Kerberos v5
785 tickets as part of the authentication process, and then run an AFS PAM
786 module to obtain tokens from those tickets after authentication. Many
787 Linux distributions come with a Kerberos v5 PAM module (usually called
788 pam-krb5 or pam_krb5), or you can download and install <ulink
789 url="http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/pam-krb5">Russ Allbery's
790 Kerberos v5 PAM module</ulink>, which is tested regularly with AFS.
791 See the instructions of whatever PAM module you use for how to
794 <para>Some Kerberos v5 PAM modules do come with native AFS support
795 (usually requiring the Heimdal Kerberos implementation rather than the
796 MIT Kerberos implementation). If you are using one of those PAM
797 modules, you can configure it to obtain AFS tokens. It's more common,
798 however, to separate the AFS token acquisition into a separate PAM
801 <para>The recommended AFS PAM module is <ulink
802 url="http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/pam-afs-session/">Russ
803 Allbery's pam-afs-session module</ulink>. It should work with any of
804 the Kerberos v5 PAM modules. To add it to the PAM configuration, you
805 often only need to add configuration to the session group:</para>
808 <title>Linux PAM session example</title>
809 <literallayout>session required pam_afs_session.so</literallayout>
812 <para>If you also want to obtain AFS tokens for <command>scp</command>
813 and similar commands that don't open a session, you will also need to
814 add the AFS PAM module to the auth group so that the PAM
815 <function>setcred</function> call will obtain tokens. The
816 <literal>pam_afs_session</literal> module will always return success
817 for authentication so that it can be added to the auth group only for
818 <function>setcred</function>, so make sure that it's not marked as
819 <literal>sufficient</literal>.</para>
822 <title>Linux PAM auth example</title>
823 <literallayout>auth [success=ok default=1] pam_krb5.so
824 auth [default=done] pam_afs_session.so
825 auth required pam_unix.so try_first_pass</literallayout>
828 <para>This example will work if you want to try Kerberos v5 first and
829 then fall back to regular Unix authentication.
830 <literal>success=ok</literal> for the Kerberos PAM module followed by
831 <literal>default=done</literal> for the AFS PAM module will cause a
832 successful Kerberos login to run the AFS PAM module and then skip the
833 Unix authentication module. <literal>default=1</literal> on the
834 Kerberos PAM module causes failure of that module to skip the next
835 module (the AFS PAM module) and fall back to the Unix module. If you
836 want to try Unix authentication first and rearrange the order, be sure
837 to use <literal>default=die</literal> instead.</para>
839 <para>The PAM configuration is stored in different places in different
840 Linux distributions. On Red Hat, look in
841 <filename>/etc/pam.d/system-auth</filename>. On Debian and
842 derivatives, look in <filename>/etc/pam.d/common-session</filename>
843 and <filename>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</filename>.</para>
845 <para>For additional configuration examples and the configuration
846 options of the AFS PAM module, see its documentation. For more
847 details on the available options for the PAM configuration, see the
848 Linux PAM documentation.</para>
850 <para>Sites which still require <command>kaserver</command> or
851 external Kerberos v4 authentication should consult <link
852 linkend="KAS015">Enabling kaserver based AFS Login on Linux
853 Systems</link> for details of how to enable AFS login on Linux.</para>
855 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS
856 Server</link> (or if referring to these instructions while installing
857 an additional file server machine, return to <link
858 linkend="HDRWQ108">Starting Server Programs</link>).</para>
863 <title>Getting Started on Solaris Systems</title>
865 <para>Begin by running the AFS initialization script to call the <emphasis role="bold">modload</emphasis> program distributed by
866 Sun Microsystems, which dynamically loads AFS modifications into the kernel. Then create partitions for storing AFS volumes, and
867 install and configure the AFS-modified <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program to run on AFS server partitions. If the
868 machine is to remain an AFS client machine, incorporate AFS into the machine's Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) scheme.
870 <primary>incorporating AFS kernel extensions</primary>
872 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
874 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
875 </indexterm> <indexterm>
876 <primary>AFS kernel extensions</primary>
878 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
880 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
881 </indexterm> <indexterm>
882 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
884 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
886 <tertiary>on Solaris</tertiary>
887 </indexterm> <indexterm>
888 <primary>Solaris</primary>
890 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
892 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
896 <title>Loading AFS into the Solaris Kernel</title>
898 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">modload</emphasis> program is the dynamic kernel loader provided by Sun Microsystems for
899 Solaris systems. Solaris does not support incorporation of AFS modifications during a kernel build.</para>
901 <para>For AFS to function correctly, the <emphasis role="bold">modload</emphasis> program must run each time the machine
902 reboots, so the AFS initialization script (included on the AFS CD-ROM) invokes it automatically. In this section you copy the
903 appropriate AFS library file to the location where the <emphasis role="bold">modload</emphasis> program accesses it and then
904 run the script.</para>
906 <para>In later sections you verify that the script correctly initializes all AFS components, then create the links that
907 incorporate AFS into the Solaris startup and shutdown sequence. <orderedlist>
909 <para>Unpack the OpenAFS Solaris distribution tarball. The examples
910 below assume that you have unpacked the files into the
911 <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdist</emphasis> directory. If you
912 pick a diferent location, substitute this in all of the following
913 exmaples. Once you have unpacked the distribution, change directory
916 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /tmp/afsdist/sun4x_56/dest/root.client/usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
917 </programlisting></para>
921 <para>Copy the AFS initialization script to the local directory for initialization files (by convention, <emphasis
922 role="bold">/etc/init.d</emphasis> on Solaris machines). Note the removal of the <emphasis role="bold">.rc</emphasis>
923 extension as you copy the script. <programlisting>
924 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p afs.rc /etc/init.d/afs</emphasis>
925 </programlisting></para>
929 <para>Copy the appropriate AFS kernel library file to the local file <emphasis
930 role="bold">/kernel/fs/afs</emphasis>.</para>
932 <para>If the machine is running Solaris 11 on the x86_64 platform:</para>
935 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p modload/libafs64.o /kernel/drv/amd64/afs</emphasis>
938 <para>If the machine is running Solaris 10 on the x86_64 platform:</para>
941 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p modload/libafs64.o /kernel/fs/amd64/afs</emphasis>
944 <para>If the machine is running Solaris 2.6 or the 32-bit version of Solaris 7, its kernel supports NFS server
945 functionality, and the <emphasis role="bold">nfsd</emphasis> process is running:</para>
948 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p modload/libafs.o /kernel/fs/afs</emphasis>
951 <para>If the machine is running Solaris 2.6 or the 32-bit version of Solaris 7, and its kernel does not support NFS
952 server functionality or the <emphasis role="bold">nfsd</emphasis> process is not running:</para>
955 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p modload/libafs.nonfs.o /kernel/fs/afs</emphasis>
958 <para>If the machine is running the 64-bit version of Solaris 7, its kernel supports NFS server functionality, and the
959 <emphasis role="bold">nfsd</emphasis> process is running:</para>
962 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p modload/libafs64.o /kernel/fs/sparcv9/afs</emphasis>
965 <para>If the machine is running the 64-bit version of Solaris 7, and its kernel does not support NFS server
966 functionality or the <emphasis role="bold">nfsd</emphasis> process is not running:</para>
969 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p modload/libafs64.nonfs.o /kernel/fs/sparcv9/afs</emphasis>
974 <para>Run the AFS initialization script to load AFS modifications into the kernel. You can ignore any error messages
975 about the inability to start the BOS Server or the Cache Manager or AFS client. <programlisting>
976 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs start</emphasis>
977 </programlisting></para>
979 <para>When an entry called <computeroutput>afs</computeroutput> does not already exist in the local <emphasis
980 role="bold">/etc/name_to_sysnum</emphasis> file, the script automatically creates it and reboots the machine to start
981 using the new version of the file. If this happens, log in again as the superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
982 after the reboot and run the initialization script again. This time the required entry exists in the <emphasis
983 role="bold">/etc/name_to_sysnum</emphasis> file, and the <emphasis role="bold">modload</emphasis> program runs.</para>
986 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
987 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
988 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs start</emphasis>
991 </orderedlist></para>
994 <primary>replacing fsck program</primary>
996 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
998 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
1002 <primary>fsck program</primary>
1004 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
1006 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
1010 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1012 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
1014 <tertiary>on Solaris</tertiary>
1018 <primary>Solaris</primary>
1020 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
1022 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1026 <sect2 id="HDRWQ47">
1027 <title>Configuring the AFS-modified fsck Program on Solaris Systems</title>
1029 <para>In this section, you make modifications to guarantee that the appropriate <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program
1030 runs on AFS server partitions. The <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program provided with the operating system must never
1031 run on AFS server partitions. Because it does not recognize the structures that the File Server uses to organize volume data,
1032 it removes all of the data. To repeat:</para>
1034 <para><emphasis role="bold">Never run the standard fsck program on AFS server partitions. It discards AFS volumes.</emphasis>
1037 <para>Create the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/lib/fs/afs</emphasis> directory to house the AFS-modified <emphasis
1038 role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program and related files. <programlisting>
1039 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /usr/lib/fs/afs</emphasis>
1040 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/lib/fs/afs</emphasis>
1041 </programlisting></para>
1045 <para>Copy the <emphasis role="bold">vfsck</emphasis> binary to the newly created directory, changing the name as you do
1046 so. <programlisting>
1047 # <emphasis role="bold">cp /tmp/afsdist/sun4x_56/dest/root.server/etc/vfsck fsck</emphasis>
1048 </programlisting></para>
1052 <para>Working in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/lib/fs/afs</emphasis> directory, create the following links to Solaris
1053 libraries: <programlisting>
1054 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/clri</emphasis>
1055 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/df</emphasis>
1056 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/edquota</emphasis>
1057 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/ff</emphasis>
1058 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/fsdb</emphasis>
1059 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/fsirand</emphasis>
1060 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/fstyp</emphasis>
1061 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/labelit</emphasis>
1062 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/lockfs</emphasis>
1063 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/mkfs</emphasis>
1064 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/mount</emphasis>
1065 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/ncheck</emphasis>
1066 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/newfs</emphasis>
1067 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/quot</emphasis>
1068 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/quota</emphasis>
1069 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/quotaoff</emphasis>
1070 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/quotaon</emphasis>
1071 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/repquota</emphasis>
1072 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/tunefs</emphasis>
1073 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/ufsdump</emphasis>
1074 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/ufsrestore</emphasis>
1075 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/lib/fs/ufs/volcopy</emphasis>
1076 </programlisting></para>
1080 <para>Append the following line to the end of the file <emphasis role="bold">/etc/dfs/fstypes</emphasis>.
1083 </programlisting></para>
1087 <para>Edit the <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/mountall</emphasis> file, making two changes. <itemizedlist>
1089 <para>Add an entry for AFS to the <computeroutput>case</computeroutput> statement for option 2, so that it reads
1090 as follows: <programlisting>
1092 ufs) foptions="-o p"
1094 afs) foptions="-o p"
1096 s5) foptions="-y -t /var/tmp/tmp$$ -D"
1100 </programlisting></para>
1104 <para>Edit the file so that all AFS and UFS partitions are checked in parallel. Replace the following section of
1105 code: <programlisting>
1106 # For fsck purposes, we make a distinction between ufs and
1107 # other file systems
1109 if [ "$fstype" = "ufs" ]; then
1110 ufs_fscklist="$ufs_fscklist $fsckdev"
1111 saveentry $fstype "$OPTIONS" $special $mountp
1114 </programlisting></para>
1116 <para>with the following section of code:</para>
1119 # For fsck purposes, we make a distinction between ufs/afs
1120 # and other file systems.
1122 if [ "$fstype" = "ufs" -o "$fstype" = "afs" ]; then
1123 ufs_fscklist="$ufs_fscklist $fsckdev"
1124 saveentry $fstype "$OPTIONS" $special $mountp
1129 </itemizedlist></para>
1131 </orderedlist></para>
1134 <primary>configuring</primary>
1136 <secondary>AFS server partition on first AFS machine</secondary>
1138 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
1142 <primary>AFS server partition</primary>
1144 <secondary>configuring on first AFS machine</secondary>
1146 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
1150 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1152 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
1154 <tertiary>on Solaris</tertiary>
1158 <primary>Solaris</primary>
1160 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
1162 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1166 <sect2 id="HDRWQ48">
1167 <title>Configuring Server Partitions on Solaris Systems</title>
1169 <para>Every AFS file server machine must have at least one partition or logical volume dedicated to storing AFS volumes. Each
1170 server partition is mounted at a directory named <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>, where
1171 <replaceable>xx</replaceable> is one or two lowercase letters. The <emphasis
1172 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directories must reside in the file server machine's root
1173 directory, not in one of its subdirectories (for example, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vicepa</emphasis> is not an acceptable
1174 directory location). For additional information, see <link linkend="HDRWQ20">Performing Platform-Specific Procedures</link>.
1177 <para>Create a directory called <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> for each AFS server
1178 partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition. <programlisting>
1179 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>
1180 </programlisting></para>
1184 <para>Add a line with the following format to the file systems registry file, <emphasis
1185 role="bold">/etc/vfstab</emphasis>, for each partition to be mounted on a directory created in the previous step. Note
1186 the value <computeroutput>afs</computeroutput> in the fourth field, which tells Solaris to use the AFS-modified
1187 <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program on this partition. <programlisting>
1188 /dev/dsk/<replaceable>disk</replaceable> /dev/rdsk/<replaceable>disk</replaceable> /vicep<replaceable>xx</replaceable> afs <replaceable>boot_order</replaceable> yes
1189 </programlisting></para>
1191 <para>The following is an example for the first partition being configured.</para>
1194 /dev/dsk/c0t6d0s1 /dev/rdsk/c0t6d0s1 /vicepa afs 3 yes
1199 <para>Create a file system on each partition that is to be mounted at a <emphasis
1200 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directory. The following command is probably appropriate, but
1201 consult the Solaris documentation for more information. <programlisting>
1202 # <emphasis role="bold">newfs -v /dev/rdsk/</emphasis><replaceable>disk</replaceable>
1203 </programlisting></para>
1207 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">mountall</emphasis> command to mount all partitions at once.</para>
1211 <para>If you plan to retain client functionality on this machine after completing the installation, proceed to <link
1212 linkend="HDRWQ49">Enabling AFS Login and Editing the File Systems Clean-up Script on Solaris Systems</link>. Otherwise,
1213 proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>.</para>
1215 </orderedlist></para>
1218 <sect2 id="HDRWQ49">
1219 <title>Enabling AFS Login on Solaris Systems</title>
1221 <primary>enabling AFS login</primary>
1223 <secondary>file server machine</secondary>
1225 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
1229 <primary>AFS login</primary>
1231 <secondary>on file server machine</secondary>
1233 <tertiary>Solaris</tertiary>
1237 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1239 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
1241 <tertiary>on Solaris</tertiary>
1245 <primary>Solaris</primary>
1247 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
1249 <tertiary>on file server machine</tertiary>
1253 <primary>PAM</primary>
1255 <secondary>on Solaris</secondary>
1257 <tertiary>file server machine</tertiary>
1261 <para>If you plan to remove client functionality from this machine after completing the installation, skip this section and
1262 proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>.</para>
1265 <para>At this point you incorporate AFS into the operating system's
1266 Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) scheme. PAM integrates all
1267 authentication mechanisms on the machine, including login, to provide
1268 the security infrastructure for authenticated access to and from the
1271 <para>Explaining PAM is beyond the scope of this document. It is
1272 assumed that you understand the syntax and meanings of settings in the
1273 PAM configuration file (for example, how the
1274 <computeroutput>other</computeroutput> entry works, the effect of
1275 marking an entry as <computeroutput>required</computeroutput>,
1276 <computeroutput>optional</computeroutput>, or
1277 <computeroutput>sufficient</computeroutput>, and so on).</para>
1279 <para>You should first configure your system to obtain Kerberos v5
1280 tickets as part of the authentication process, and then run an AFS PAM
1281 module to obtain tokens from those tickets after authentication.
1282 Current versions of Solaris come with a Kerberos v5 PAM module that
1283 will work, or you can download and install <ulink
1284 url="http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/pam-krb5">Russ Allbery's
1285 Kerberos v5 PAM module</ulink>, which is tested regularly with AFS.
1286 See the instructions of whatever PAM module you use for how to
1287 configure it.</para>
1289 <para>Some Kerberos v5 PAM modules do come with native AFS support
1290 (usually requiring the Heimdal Kerberos implementation rather than the
1291 MIT Kerberos implementation). If you are using one of those PAM
1292 modules, you can configure it to obtain AFS tokens. It's more common,
1293 however, to separate the AFS token acquisition into a separate PAM
1296 <para>The recommended AFS PAM module is <ulink
1297 url="http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/pam-afs-session/">Russ
1298 Allbery's pam-afs-session module</ulink>. It should work with any of
1299 the Kerberos v5 PAM modules. To add it to the PAM configuration, you
1300 often only need to add configuration to the session group in
1301 <filename>pam.conf</filename>:</para>
1304 <title>Solaris PAM session example</title>
1305 <literallayout>login session required pam_afs_session.so</literallayout>
1308 <para>This example enables PAM authentication only for console login.
1309 You may want to add a similar line for the ssh service and for any
1310 other login service that you use, including possibly the
1311 <literal>other</literal> service (which serves as a catch-all). You
1312 may also want to add options to the AFS PAM session module
1313 (particularly <literal>retain_after_close</literal>, which is
1314 necessary for some versions of Solaris.</para>
1316 <para>For additional configuration examples and the configuration
1317 options of the AFS PAM module, see its documentation. For more
1318 details on the available options for the PAM configuration, see the
1319 <filename>pam.conf</filename> manual page.</para>
1321 <para>Sites which still require <emphasis
1322 role="bold">kaserver</emphasis> or external Kerberos v4 authentication
1323 should consult <link linkend="KAS016">"Enabling kaserver based AFS
1324 Login on Solaris Systems"</link> for details of how to enable AFS
1325 login on Solaris.</para>
1327 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ49a">Editing the File Systems
1328 Clean-up Script on Solaris Systems</link></para>
1330 <sect2 id="HDRWQ49a">
1331 <title>Editing the File Systems Clean-up Script on Solaris Systems</title>
1333 <primary>Solaris</primary>
1335 <secondary>file systems clean-up script</secondary>
1337 <tertiary>on file server machine</tertiary>
1341 <primary>file systems clean-up script (Solaris)</primary>
1343 <secondary>file server machine</secondary>
1347 <primary>scripts</primary>
1349 <secondary>file systems clean-up (Solaris)</secondary>
1351 <tertiary>file server machine</tertiary>
1357 <para>Some Solaris distributions include a script that locates and removes unneeded files from various file systems. Its
1358 conventional location is <emphasis role="bold">/usr/lib/fs/nfs/nfsfind</emphasis>. The script generally uses an argument
1359 to the <emphasis role="bold">find</emphasis> command to define which file systems to search. In this step you modify the
1360 command to exclude the <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory. Otherwise, the command traverses the AFS
1361 filespace of every cell that is accessible from the machine, which can take many hours. The following alterations are
1362 possibilities, but you must verify that they are appropriate for your cell.</para>
1364 <para>The first possible alteration is to add the <emphasis role="bold">-local</emphasis> flag to the existing command,
1365 so that it looks like the following:</para>
1368 find $dir -local -name .nfs\* -mtime +7 -mount -exec rm -f {} \;
1371 <para>Another alternative is to exclude any directories whose names begin with the lowercase letter <emphasis
1372 role="bold">a</emphasis> or a non-alphabetic character.</para>
1375 find /[A-Zb-z]* <replaceable>remainder of existing command</replaceable>
1378 <para>Do not use the following command, which still searches under the <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory,
1379 looking for a subdirectory of type <emphasis role="bold">4.2</emphasis>.</para>
1382 find / -fstype 4.2 /* <replaceable>do not use</replaceable> */
1387 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link> (or if referring to these instructions while
1388 installing an additional file server machine, return to <link linkend="HDRWQ108">Starting Server
1389 Programs</link>).</para>
1394 <primary>Basic OverSeer Server</primary>
1396 <see>BOS Server</see>
1400 <primary>BOS Server</primary>
1402 <secondary>starting</secondary>
1404 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1408 <primary>starting</primary>
1410 <secondary>BOS Server</secondary>
1412 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1416 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1418 <secondary>BOS Server</secondary>
1422 <primary>authorization checking (disabling)</primary>
1424 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
1428 <primary>disabling authorization checking</primary>
1430 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
1434 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1436 <secondary>authorization checking (disabling)</secondary>
1441 <sect1 id="HDRWQ21">
1442 <title>Getting Started on AIX Systems</title>
1444 <para>Begin by running the AFS initialization script to call the AIX kernel extension facility, which dynamically loads AFS
1445 modifications into the kernel. Then use the <emphasis role="bold">SMIT</emphasis> program to configure partitions for storing
1446 AFS volumes, and replace the AIX <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program helper with a version that correctly handles AFS
1447 volumes. If the machine is to remain an AFS client machine, incorporate AFS into the AIX secondary authentication system.
1449 <primary>incorporating AFS kernel extensions</primary>
1451 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
1453 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
1454 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1455 <primary>AFS kernel extensions</primary>
1457 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
1459 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
1460 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1461 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1463 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
1465 <tertiary>on AIX</tertiary>
1466 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1467 <primary>AIX</primary>
1469 <secondary>AFS kernel extensions</secondary>
1471 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1474 <sect2 id="HDRWQ22">
1475 <title>Loading AFS into the AIX Kernel</title>
1477 <para>The AIX kernel extension facility is the dynamic kernel loader
1478 provided by IBM Corporation. AIX does not support incorporation of
1479 AFS modifications during a kernel build.</para>
1481 <para>For AFS to function correctly, the kernel extension facility must run each time the machine reboots, so the AFS
1482 initialization script (included in the AFS distribution) invokes it automatically. In this section you copy the script to the
1483 conventional location and edit it to select the appropriate options depending on whether NFS is also to run.</para>
1485 <para>After editing the script, you run it to incorporate AFS into the kernel. In later sections you verify that the script
1486 correctly initializes all AFS components, then configure the AIX <emphasis role="bold">inittab</emphasis> file so that the
1487 script runs automatically at reboot. <orderedlist>
1489 <para>Unpack the distribution tarball. The examples below assume
1490 that you have unpacked the files into the
1491 <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdist</emphasis> directory. If you
1492 pick a different location, substitute this in all of the following
1493 examples. Once you have unpacked the distribution,
1494 change directory as indicated.
1496 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /tmp/afsdist/rs_aix42/dest/root.client/usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
1497 </programlisting></para>
1501 <para>Copy the AFS kernel library files to the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/dkload</emphasis> directory,
1502 and the AFS initialization script to the <emphasis role="bold">/etc</emphasis> directory. <programlisting>
1503 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp dkload /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
1504 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p rc.afs /etc/rc.afs</emphasis>
1505 </programlisting></para>
1509 <para>Edit the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.afs</emphasis> script, setting the <computeroutput>NFS</computeroutput>
1510 variable as indicated.</para>
1512 <para>If the machine is not to function as an NFS/AFS Translator, set the <computeroutput>NFS</computeroutput> variable
1519 <para>If the machine is to function as an NFS/AFS Translator and is running AIX 4.2.1 or higher, set the
1520 <computeroutput>NFS</computeroutput> variable as follows. Note that NFS must already be loaded into the kernel, which
1521 happens automatically on systems running AIX 4.1.1 and later, as long as the file <emphasis
1522 role="bold">/etc/exports</emphasis> exists.</para>
1530 <para>Invoke the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.afs</emphasis> script to load AFS modifications into the kernel. You can
1531 ignore any error messages about the inability to start the BOS Server or the Cache Manager or AFS client.
1533 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.afs</emphasis>
1534 </programlisting></para>
1536 </orderedlist></para>
1539 <primary>configuring</primary>
1541 <secondary>AFS server partition on first AFS machine</secondary>
1543 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
1547 <primary>AFS server partition</primary>
1549 <secondary>configuring on first AFS machine</secondary>
1551 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
1555 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1557 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
1559 <tertiary>on AIX</tertiary>
1563 <primary>AIX</primary>
1565 <secondary>AFS server partition</secondary>
1567 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1571 <sect2 id="HDRWQ23">
1572 <title>Configuring Server Partitions on AIX Systems</title>
1574 <para>Every AFS file server machine must have at least one partition or logical volume dedicated to storing AFS volumes. Each
1575 server partition is mounted at a directory named <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>, where
1576 <replaceable>xx</replaceable> is one or two lowercase letters. The <emphasis
1577 role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> directories must reside in the file server machine's root
1578 directory, not in one of its subdirectories (for example, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vicepa</emphasis> is not an acceptable
1579 directory location). For additional information, see <link linkend="HDRWQ20">Performing Platform-Specific
1580 Procedures</link>.</para>
1582 <para>To configure server partitions on an AIX system, perform the following procedures: <orderedlist>
1584 <para>Create a directory called <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable> for each AFS server
1585 partition you are configuring (there must be at least one). Repeat the command for each partition. <programlisting>
1586 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>
1587 </programlisting></para>
1591 <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">SMIT</emphasis> program to create a journaling file system on each partition to be
1592 configured as an AFS server partition.</para>
1596 <para>Mount each partition at one of the <emphasis role="bold">/vicep</emphasis><replaceable>xx</replaceable>
1597 directories. Choose one of the following three methods: <itemizedlist>
1599 <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">SMIT</emphasis> program</para>
1603 <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">mount -a</emphasis> command to mount all partitions at once</para>
1607 <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">mount</emphasis> command on each partition in turn</para>
1609 </itemizedlist></para>
1611 <para>Also configure the partitions so that they are mounted automatically at each reboot. For more information, refer
1612 to the AIX documentation.</para>
1614 </orderedlist></para>
1617 <primary>replacing fsck program</primary>
1619 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
1621 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
1625 <primary>fsck program</primary>
1627 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
1629 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
1633 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1635 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
1637 <tertiary>on AIX</tertiary>
1641 <primary>AIX</primary>
1643 <secondary>fsck program</secondary>
1645 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1649 <sect2 id="HDRWQ24">
1650 <title>Replacing the fsck Program Helper on AIX Systems</title>
1652 <note><para>The AFS modified fsck program is not required on AIX 5.1
1653 systems, and the <emphasis role="bold">v3fshelper</emphasis> program
1654 refered to below is not shipped for these systems.</para></note>
1656 <para>In this section, you make modifications to guarantee that the appropriate <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program
1657 runs on AFS server partitions. The <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program provided with the operating system must never
1658 run on AFS server partitions. Because it does not recognize the structures that the File Server uses to organize volume data,
1659 it removes all of the data. To repeat:</para>
1661 <para><emphasis role="bold">Never run the standard fsck program on AFS server partitions. It discards AFS
1662 volumes.</emphasis></para>
1664 <para>On AIX systems, you do not replace the <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> binary itself, but rather the
1665 <emphasis>program helper</emphasis> file included in the AIX distribution as <emphasis
1666 role="bold">/sbin/helpers/v3fshelper</emphasis>. <orderedlist>
1668 <para>Move the AIX <emphasis role="bold">fsck</emphasis> program helper to a safe location and install the version from
1669 the AFS distribution in its place.
1671 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /sbin/helpers</emphasis>
1672 # <emphasis role="bold">mv v3fshelper v3fshelper.noafs</emphasis>
1673 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p /tmp/afsdist/rs_aix42/dest/root.server/etc/v3fshelper v3fshelper</emphasis>
1674 </programlisting></para>
1678 <para>If you plan to retain client functionality on this machine after completing the installation, proceed to <link
1679 linkend="HDRWQ25">Enabling AFS Login on AIX Systems</link>. Otherwise, proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the
1680 BOS Server</link>.</para>
1682 </orderedlist></para>
1685 <primary>enabling AFS login</primary>
1687 <secondary>file server machine</secondary>
1689 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
1693 <primary>AFS login</primary>
1695 <secondary>on file server machine</secondary>
1697 <tertiary>AIX</tertiary>
1701 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1703 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
1705 <tertiary>on AIX</tertiary>
1709 <primary>AIX</primary>
1711 <secondary>AFS login</secondary>
1713 <tertiary>on file server machine</tertiary>
1717 <primary>secondary authentication system (AIX)</primary>
1719 <secondary>server machine</secondary>
1723 <sect2 id="HDRWQ25">
1724 <title>Enabling AFS Login on AIX Systems</title>
1727 <para>If you plan to remove client functionality from this machine after completing the installation, skip this section and
1728 proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>.</para>
1731 <para>In modern AFS installations, you should be using Kerberos v5
1732 for user login, and obtaining AFS tokens following this authentication
1735 <para>There are currently no instructions available on configuring AIX to
1736 automatically obtain AFS tokens at login. Following login, users can
1737 obtain tokens by running the <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis>
1740 <para>Sites which still require <emphasis role="bold">kaserver</emphasis>
1741 or external Kerberos v4 authentication should consult
1742 <link linkend="KAS012">Enabling kaserver based AFS login on AIX systems</link>
1743 for details of how to enable AIX login.</para>
1745 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>
1746 (or if referring to these instructions while installing an additional
1747 file server machine, return to <link linkend="HDRWQ108">Starting Server
1748 Programs</link>).</para>
1751 <sect1 id="HDRWQ50">
1752 <title>Starting the BOS Server</title>
1754 <para>You are now ready to start the AFS server processes on this machine.
1755 If you are not working from a packaged distribution, begin by copying the
1756 AFS server binaries from the distribution to the conventional local disk
1757 location, the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis> directory. The
1758 following instructions also create files in other subdirectories of the
1759 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs</emphasis> directory.</para>
1761 <para>Then issue the <emphasis role="bold">bosserver</emphasis> command to initialize the Basic OverSeer (BOS) Server, which
1762 monitors and controls other AFS server processes on its server machine. Include the <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
1763 flag to disable authorization checking. Because you have not yet configured your cell's AFS authentication and authorization
1764 mechanisms, the BOS Server cannot perform authorization checking as it does during normal operation. In no-authorization mode,
1765 it does not verify the identity or privilege of the issuer of a <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis> command, and so performs
1766 any operation for anyone.</para>
1768 <para>Disabling authorization checking gravely compromises cell security. You must complete all subsequent steps in one
1769 uninterrupted pass and must not leave the machine unattended until you restart the BOS Server with authorization checking
1770 enabled, in <link linkend="HDRWQ72">Verifying the AFS Initialization Script</link>.</para>
1772 <para>As it initializes for the first time, the BOS Server creates the following directories and files, setting the owner to the
1773 local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis> and the mode bits to limit the ability to write (and in some cases, read)
1774 them. For a description of the contents and function of these directories and files, see the chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS
1775 Administration Guide</emphasis> about administering server machines. For further discussion of the mode bit settings, see <link
1776 linkend="HDRWQ96">Protecting Sensitive AFS Directories</link>. <indexterm>
1777 <primary>Binary Distribution</primary>
1779 <secondary>copying server files from</secondary>
1781 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1782 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1783 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1785 <secondary>subdirectories of /usr/afs</secondary>
1786 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1787 <primary>creating</primary>
1789 <secondary>/usr/afs/bin directory</secondary>
1791 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1792 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1793 <primary>creating</primary>
1795 <secondary>/usr/afs/etc directory</secondary>
1797 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1798 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1799 <primary>copying</primary>
1801 <secondary>server files to local disk</secondary>
1803 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1804 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1805 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1807 <secondary>copying</secondary>
1809 <tertiary>server files to local disk</tertiary>
1810 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1811 <primary>usr/afs/bin directory</primary>
1813 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
1814 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1815 <primary>usr/afs/etc directory</primary>
1817 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
1818 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1819 <primary>usr/afs/db directory</primary>
1820 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1821 <primary>usr/afs/local directory</primary>
1822 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1823 <primary>usr/afs/logs directory</primary>
1824 </indexterm> <itemizedlist>
1826 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/db</emphasis></para>
1830 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/CellServDB</emphasis></para>
1834 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/ThisCell</emphasis></para>
1838 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/local</emphasis></para>
1842 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/logs</emphasis></para>
1844 </itemizedlist></para>
1846 <para>The BOS Server also creates symbolic links called <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/ThisCell</emphasis> and <emphasis
1847 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> to the corresponding files in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis>
1848 directory. The AFS command interpreters consult the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> and <emphasis
1849 role="bold">ThisCell</emphasis> files in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory because they generally run
1850 on client machines. On machines that are AFS servers only (as this machine currently is), the files reside only in the <emphasis
1851 role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis> directory; the links enable the command interpreters to retrieve the information they need.
1852 Later instructions for installing the client functionality replace the links with actual files. <orderedlist>
1854 <para>If you are not working from a packaged distribution, you may need to copy files from the distribution media to the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs</emphasis> directory.
1856 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /tmp/afsdist/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/root.server/usr/afs</emphasis>
1857 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp * /usr/afs</emphasis>
1858 </programlisting> <indexterm>
1859 <primary>commands</primary>
1861 <secondary>bosserver</secondary>
1862 </indexterm> <indexterm>
1863 <primary>bosserver command</primary>
1868 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bosserver</emphasis> command. Include the <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
1869 flag to disable authorization checking. <programlisting>
1870 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/bosserver -noauth &</emphasis>
1871 </programlisting></para>
1875 <para>Verify that the BOS Server created <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/ThisCell</emphasis> and <emphasis
1876 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> as symbolic links to the corresponding files in the <emphasis
1877 role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis> directory. <programlisting>
1878 # <emphasis role="bold">ls -l /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
1879 </programlisting></para>
1881 <para>If either or both of <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/ThisCell</emphasis> and <emphasis
1882 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> do not exist, or are not links, issue the following commands.</para>
1885 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
1886 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/afs/etc/ThisCell</emphasis>
1887 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/afs/etc/CellServDB</emphasis>
1890 </orderedlist></para>
1893 <primary>cell name</primary>
1895 <secondary>defining during installation of first machine</secondary>
1899 <primary>defining</primary>
1901 <secondary>cell name during installation of first machine</secondary>
1905 <primary>cell name</primary>
1907 <secondary>setting in server ThisCell file</secondary>
1909 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1913 <primary>setting</primary>
1915 <secondary>cell name in server ThisCell file</secondary>
1917 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1921 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1923 <secondary>ThisCell file (server)</secondary>
1927 <primary>usr/afs/etc/ThisCell</primary>
1929 <see>ThisCell file (server)</see>
1933 <primary>ThisCell file (server)</primary>
1935 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
1939 <primary>files</primary>
1941 <secondary>ThisCell (server)</secondary>
1945 <primary>database server machine</primary>
1947 <secondary>entry in server CellServDB file</secondary>
1949 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1953 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1955 <secondary>cell membership, defining</secondary>
1957 <tertiary>for server processes</tertiary>
1961 <primary>usr/afs/etc/CellServDB file</primary>
1963 <see>CellServDB file (server)</see>
1967 <primary>CellServDB file (server)</primary>
1969 <secondary>creating</secondary>
1971 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
1975 <primary>creating</primary>
1977 <secondary>CellServDB file (server)</secondary>
1979 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
1983 <primary>files</primary>
1985 <secondary>CellServDB (server)</secondary>
1989 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1991 <secondary>CellServDB file (server)</secondary>
1995 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
1997 <secondary>defining</secondary>
1999 <tertiary>as database server</tertiary>
2003 <primary>defining</primary>
2005 <secondary>first AFS machine as database server</secondary>
2009 <sect1 id="HDRWQ51">
2010 <title>Defining Cell Name and Membership for Server Processes</title>
2012 <para>Now assign your cell's name. The chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about cell configuration
2013 and administration issues discusses the important considerations, explains why changing the name is difficult, and outlines the
2014 restrictions on name format. Two of the most important restrictions are that the name cannot include uppercase letters or more
2015 than 64 characters.</para>
2017 <para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">bos setcellname</emphasis> command to assign the cell name. It creates two files:
2020 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/ThisCell</emphasis>, which defines this machine's cell membership</para>
2024 <para><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/CellServDB</emphasis>, which lists the cell's database server machines; the
2025 machine named on the command line is placed on the list automatically</para>
2027 </itemizedlist> <note>
2028 <para>In the following and every instruction in this guide, for the <replaceable>machine name</replaceable> argument
2029 substitute the fully-qualified hostname (such as <emphasis role="bold">fs1.example.com</emphasis>) of the machine you are
2030 installing. For the <replaceable>cell name</replaceable> argument substitute your cell's complete name (such as <emphasis
2031 role="bold">example.com</emphasis>).</para>
2035 <primary>commands</primary>
2037 <secondary>bos setcellname</secondary>
2041 <primary>bos commands</primary>
2043 <secondary>setcellname</secondary>
2048 <para>If necessary, add the directory containing the <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis> command to your path.
2050 # <emphasis role="bold">export PATH=$PATH:/usr/afs/bin</emphasis>
2056 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos setcellname</emphasis> command to set the cell name. <programlisting>
2057 # <emphasis role="bold">bos setcellname</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> <emphasis
2058 role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2059 </programlisting></para>
2061 <para>Because you are not authenticated and authorization checking is disabled, the <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis>
2062 command interpreter possibly produces error messages about being unable to obtain tickets and running unauthenticated. You
2063 can safely ignore the messages. <indexterm>
2064 <primary>commands</primary>
2066 <secondary>bos listhosts</secondary>
2067 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2068 <primary>bos commands</primary>
2070 <secondary>listhosts</secondary>
2071 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2072 <primary>CellServDB file (server)</primary>
2074 <secondary>displaying entries</secondary>
2075 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2076 <primary>displaying</primary>
2078 <secondary>CellServDB file (server) entries</secondary>
2083 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos listhosts</emphasis> command to verify that the machine you are installing is now
2084 registered as the cell's first database server machine. <programlisting>
2085 # <emphasis role="bold">bos listhosts</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2086 Cell name is <replaceable>cell_name</replaceable>
2087 Host 1 is <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable>
2088 </programlisting></para>
2093 <primary>database server machine</primary>
2095 <secondary>installing</secondary>
2097 <tertiary>first</tertiary>
2101 <primary>instructions</primary>
2103 <secondary>database server machine, installing first</secondary>
2107 <primary>installing</primary>
2109 <secondary>database server machine</secondary>
2111 <tertiary>first</tertiary>
2115 <primary>Backup Server</primary>
2117 <secondary>starting</secondary>
2119 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2123 <primary>buserver process</primary>
2125 <see>Backup Server</see>
2129 <primary>starting</primary>
2131 <secondary>Backup Server</secondary>
2133 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2137 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2139 <secondary>Backup Server</secondary>
2143 <primary>Protection Server</primary>
2145 <secondary>starting</secondary>
2147 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2151 <primary>ptserver process</primary>
2153 <see>Protection Server</see>
2157 <primary>starting</primary>
2159 <secondary>Protection Server</secondary>
2161 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2165 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2167 <secondary>Protection Server</secondary>
2171 <primary>VL Server (vlserver process)</primary>
2173 <secondary>starting</secondary>
2175 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2179 <primary>Volume Location Server</primary>
2181 <see>VL Server</see>
2185 <primary>starting</primary>
2187 <secondary>VL Server</secondary>
2189 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2193 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2195 <secondary>VL Server</secondary>
2199 <primary>usr/afs/local/BosConfig</primary>
2201 <see>BosConfig file</see>
2205 <primary>BosConfig file</primary>
2207 <secondary>adding entries</secondary>
2209 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2213 <primary>adding</primary>
2215 <secondary>entries to BosConfig file</secondary>
2217 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2221 <primary>files</primary>
2223 <secondary>BosConfig</secondary>
2227 <primary>initializing</primary>
2229 <secondary>server process</secondary>
2235 <primary>server process</primary>
2237 <secondary>see also entry for each server's name</secondary>
2241 <sect1 id="HDRWQ52">
2242 <title>Starting the Database Server Processes</title>
2244 <para>Next use the <emphasis role="bold">bos create</emphasis> command to create entries for the three database server processes
2245 in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/local/BosConfig</emphasis> file and start them running. The three processes run on database
2246 server machines only: <itemizedlist>
2249 <para>The Backup Server (the <emphasis role="bold">buserver</emphasis> process) maintains the Backup Database</para>
2253 <para>The Protection Server (the <emphasis role="bold">ptserver</emphasis> process) maintains the Protection
2258 <para>The Volume Location (VL) Server (the <emphasis role="bold">vlserver</emphasis> process) maintains the Volume
2259 Location Database (VLDB)</para>
2261 </itemizedlist></para>
2264 <primary>Kerberos</primary>
2268 <para>AFS ships with an additional database server named 'kaserver', which
2269 was historically used to provide authentication services to AFS cells.
2270 kaserver was based on <emphasis>Kerberos v4</emphasis>, as such, it is
2271 not recommended for new cells. This guide assumes you have already
2272 configured a Kerberos v5 realm for your site, and details the procedures
2273 required to use AFS with this realm. If you do wish to use
2274 <emphasis role="bold">kaserver</emphasis>, please see the modifications
2275 to these instructions detailed in
2276 <link linkend="KAS006">Starting the kaserver Database Server Process</link>
2280 <para>The remaining instructions in this chapter include the <emphasis role="bold">-cell</emphasis> argument on all applicable
2281 commands. Provide the cell name you assigned in <link linkend="HDRWQ51">Defining Cell Name and Membership for Server
2282 Processes</link>. If a command appears on multiple lines, it is only for legibility. <indexterm>
2283 <primary>commands</primary>
2285 <secondary>bos create</secondary>
2286 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2287 <primary>bos commands</primary>
2289 <secondary>create</secondary>
2290 </indexterm> <orderedlist>
2292 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos create</emphasis> command to start the Backup Server. <programlisting>
2293 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">buserver simple /usr/afs/bin/buserver</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2294 </programlisting></para>
2298 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos create</emphasis> command to start the Protection Server. <programlisting>
2299 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">ptserver simple /usr/afs/bin/ptserver</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2300 </programlisting></para>
2304 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos create</emphasis> command to start the VL Server. <programlisting>
2305 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">vlserver simple /usr/afs/bin/vlserver</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2306 </programlisting></para>
2308 </orderedlist></para>
2311 <primary>admin account</primary>
2313 <secondary>creating</secondary>
2317 <primary>afs entry in Kerberos Database</primary>
2321 <primary>Kerberos Database</primary>
2325 <primary>creating</primary>
2327 <secondary>afs entry in Kerberos Database</secondary>
2331 <primary>creating</primary>
2333 <secondary>admin account in Kerberos Database</secondary>
2337 <primary>security</primary>
2339 <secondary>initializing cell-wide</secondary>
2343 <primary>cell</primary>
2345 <secondary>initializing security mechanisms</secondary>
2349 <primary>initializing</primary>
2351 <secondary>cell security mechanisms</secondary>
2355 <primary>usr/afs/etc/KeyFile</primary>
2357 <see>KeyFile file</see>
2361 <primary>KeyFile file</primary>
2363 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2367 <primary>files</primary>
2369 <secondary>KeyFile</secondary>
2373 <primary>key</primary>
2375 <see>server encryption key</see>
2379 <primary>encryption key</primary>
2381 <see>server encryption key</see>
2385 <sect1 id="HDRWQ53">
2386 <title>Initializing Cell Security </title>
2388 <para>If you are working with an existing cell which uses
2389 <emphasis role="bold">kaserver</emphasis> or Kerberos v4 for authentication,
2391 <link linkend="HDRWQ53">Initializing Cell Security with kaserver</link>
2392 for installation instructions which replace this section.</para>
2394 <para>Now initialize the cell's security mechanisms. Begin by creating the following two entires in your site's Kerberos database: <itemizedlist>
2396 <para>A generic administrative account, called <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> by convention. If you choose to
2397 assign a different name, substitute it throughout the remainder of this document.</para>
2399 <para>After you complete the installation of the first machine, you can continue to have all administrators use the
2400 <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> account, or you can create a separate administrative account for each of them. The
2401 latter scheme implies somewhat more overhead, but provides a more informative audit trail for administrative
2406 <para>The entry for AFS server processes, called either
2407 <emphasis role="bold">afs</emphasis> or
2408 <emphasis role="bold">afs/<replaceable>cell</replaceable></emphasis>.
2409 The latter form is preferred since it works regardless of whether
2410 your cell name matches your Kerberos realm name and allows multiple
2411 AFS cells to be served from a single Kerberos realm.
2412 No user logs in under this identity, but it is used to encrypt the
2413 server tickets that granted to AFS clients for presentation to
2414 server processes during mutual authentication. (The
2415 chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about cell configuration and administration describes the
2416 role of server encryption keys in mutual authentication.)</para>
2418 <para>In Step <link linkend="LIWQ58">7</link>, you also place the initial AFS server encryption key into the <emphasis
2419 role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/KeyFile</emphasis> file. The AFS server processes refer to this file to learn the server
2420 encryption key when they need to decrypt server tickets.</para>
2422 </itemizedlist></para>
2424 <para>You also issue several commands that enable the new <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> user to issue privileged
2425 commands in all of the AFS suites.</para>
2427 <para>The following instructions do not configure all of the security mechanisms related to the AFS Backup System. See the
2428 chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about configuring the Backup System.</para>
2430 <para>The examples below assume you are using MIT Kerberos. Please refer
2431 to the documentation for your KDC's administrative interface if you are
2432 using a different vendor</para>
2436 <para>Enter <emphasis role="bold">kadmin</emphasis> interactive mode.
2438 # <emphasis role="bold">kadmin</emphasis>
2439 Authenticating as principal <replaceable>you</replaceable>/admin@<replaceable>YOUR REALM</replaceable> with password
2440 Password for <replaceable>you/admin@REALM</replaceable>: <replaceable>your_password</replaceable>
2441 </programlisting> <indexterm>
2442 <primary>server encryption key</primary>
2444 <secondary>in Kerberos Database</secondary>
2445 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2446 <primary>creating</primary>
2448 <secondary>server encryption key</secondary>
2450 <tertiary>Kerberos Database</tertiary>
2454 <listitem id="LIWQ54">
2456 <emphasis role="bold">add_principal</emphasis> command to create
2457 Kerberos Database entries called
2458 <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> and
2459 <emphasis role="bold">afs/<<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>></emphasis>.</para>
2461 <para>You should make the <replaceable>admin_passwd</replaceable> as
2462 long and complex as possible, but keep in mind that administrators
2463 need to enter it often. It must be at least six characters long.</para>
2464 <para>Note that when creating the
2465 <emphasis role="bold">afs/<<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>></emphasis>
2466 entry, the encryption types should be restricted to des-cbc-crc:v4.
2467 For more details regarding encryption types, see the documentation
2468 for your Kerberos installation.
2471 kadmin: <emphasis role="bold">add_principal -randkey -e des-cbc-crc:v4 afs/</emphasis><<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>>
2472 Principal "afs/<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>@<replaceable>REALM</replaceable>" created.
2473 kadmin: <emphasis role="bold">add_principal admin</emphasis>
2474 Enter password for principal "admin@<replaceable>REALM</replaceable>": <emphasis role="bold"><replaceable>admin_password</replaceable></emphasis>
2475 Principal "admin@<replaceable>REALM</replaceable>" created.
2480 <primary>commands</primary>
2482 <secondary>kas examine</secondary>
2486 <primary>kas commands</primary>
2488 <secondary>examine</secondary>
2492 <primary>displaying</primary>
2494 <secondary>server encryption key</secondary>
2496 <tertiary>Authentication Database</tertiary>
2500 <listitem id="LIWQ55">
2501 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">kadmin
2502 get_principal</emphasis> command to display the <emphasis
2503 role="bold">afs/</emphasis><<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> entry.
2505 kadmin: <emphasis role="bold">get_principal afs/<<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>></emphasis>
2506 Principal: afs/<replaceable>cell</replaceable>
2508 Key: vno 2, DES cbc mode with CRC-32, no salt
2514 <para>Extract the newly created key for <emphasis role="bold">afs/<replaceable>cell</replaceable></emphasis> to a keytab on the local machine. We will use <emphasis role="bold">/etc/afs.keytab</emphasis> as the location for this keytab.</para>
2516 <para>The keytab contains the key material that ensures the security of your AFS cell. You should ensure that it is kept in a secure location at all times.</para>
2519 kadmin: <emphasis role="bold">ktadd -k /etc/afs.keytab -e des-cbc-crc:v4 afs/<<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>></emphasis>
2520 Entry for principal afs/<<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>> with kvno 3, encryption type DES cbc mode with CRC-32 added to keytab WRFILE:/etc/afs.keytab
2522 <para>Make a note of the key version number (kvno) given in the
2523 response, as you will need it to load the key into bos in a later
2526 <note><para>Note that each time you run
2527 <emphasis role="bold">ktadd</emphasis> a new key is generated
2528 for the item being extracted. This means that you cannot run ktadd
2529 multiple times and end up with the same key material each time.
2534 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">quit</emphasis> command to leave <emphasis role="bold">kadmin</emphasis>
2535 interactive mode. <programlisting>
2536 kadmin: <emphasis role="bold">quit</emphasis>
2537 </programlisting> <indexterm>
2538 <primary>commands</primary>
2540 <secondary>bos adduser</secondary>
2541 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2542 <primary>bos commands</primary>
2544 <secondary>adduser</secondary>
2545 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2546 <primary>usr/afs/etc/UserList</primary>
2548 <see>UserList file</see>
2549 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2550 <primary>UserList file</primary>
2552 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2553 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2554 <primary>files</primary>
2556 <secondary>UserList</secondary>
2557 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2558 <primary>creating</primary>
2560 <secondary>UserList file entry</secondary>
2561 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2562 <primary>admin account</primary>
2564 <secondary>adding</secondary>
2566 <tertiary>to UserList file</tertiary>
2570 <listitem id="LIWQ57">
2571 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos adduser</emphasis> command to add the <emphasis
2572 role="bold">admin</emphasis> user to the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/UserList</emphasis> file. This enables the
2573 <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> user to issue privileged <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis> and <emphasis
2574 role="bold">vos</emphasis> commands. <programlisting>
2575 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos adduser</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">admin -noauth</emphasis>
2578 <primary>commands</primary>
2579 <secondary>asetkey</secondary>
2582 <primary>creating</primary>
2583 <secondary>server encryption key</secondary>
2584 <tertiary>KeyFile file</tertiary>
2587 <primary>server encryption key</primary>
2588 <secondary>in KeyFile file</secondary>
2592 <listitem id="LIWQ58">
2594 <emphasis role="bold">asetkey</emphasis> command to set the AFS
2595 server encryption key in the
2596 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/KeyFile</emphasis> file. This key
2597 is created from the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/afs.keytab</emphasis>
2598 file created earlier.</para>
2600 <para>asetkey requires the key version number (or kvno) of the
2601 <emphasis role="bold">afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cell</replaceable>
2602 key. You should have made note of the kvno when creating the key
2603 earlier. The key version number can also be found by running the
2604 <emphasis role="bold">kvno</emphasis> command</para>
2606 # <emphasis role="bold">kvno -k /etc/afs.keytab afs/</emphasis><<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>>
2609 <para>Once the kvno is known, the key can then be extracted using
2612 # <emphasis role="bold">asetkey add</emphasis> <<replaceable>kvno</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">/etc/afs.keytab afs/</emphasis><<replaceable>cell name</replaceable>>
2616 <primary>commands</primary>
2617 <secondary>bos listkeys</secondary>
2621 <primary>bos commands</primary>
2622 <secondary>listkeys</secondary>
2626 <primary>displaying</primary>
2627 <secondary>server encryption key</secondary>
2628 <tertiary>KeyFile file</tertiary>
2632 <listitem id="LIWQ59">
2634 <emphasis role="bold">bos listkeys</emphasis> command to verify that
2635 the key version number for the new key in the
2636 <emphasis role="bold">KeyFile</emphasis> file is the same as the key
2637 version number in the Authentication Database's
2638 <emphasis role="bold">afs/<replaceable>cell name</replaceable></emphasis>
2639 entry, which you displayed in Step <link linkend="LIWQ55">3</link>.
2641 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos listkeys</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2642 key 0 has cksum <replaceable>checksum</replaceable>
2643 </programlisting></para>
2645 <para>You can safely ignore any error messages indicating that <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis> failed to get tickets
2646 or that authentication failed.</para>
2650 <sect1 id="HDRWQ53a">
2651 <title>Initializing the Protection Database</title>
2653 <para>Now continue to configure your cell's security systems by
2654 populating the Protection Database with the newly created
2655 <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> user, and permitting it
2656 to issue priviledged commands on the AFS filesystem.</para>
2661 <primary>commands</primary>
2662 <secondary>pts createuser</secondary>
2666 <primary>pts commands</primary>
2667 <secondary>createuser</secondary>
2671 <primary>Protection Database</primary>
2673 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts createuser</emphasis> command to create a Protection Database entry for the
2674 <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> user.</para>
2676 <para>By default, the Protection Server assigns AFS UID 1 (one) to the <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> user,
2677 because it is the first user entry you are creating. If the local password file (<emphasis
2678 role="bold">/etc/passwd</emphasis> or equivalent) already has an entry for <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> that
2679 assigns it a UNIX UID other than 1, it is best to use the <emphasis role="bold">-id</emphasis> argument to the <emphasis
2680 role="bold">pts createuser</emphasis> command to make the new AFS UID match the existing UNIX UID. Otherwise, it is best
2681 to accept the default.</para>
2684 # <emphasis role="bold">pts createuser -name admin</emphasis> [<emphasis
2685 role="bold">-id</emphasis> <<replaceable>AFS UID</replaceable>>] <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2686 User admin has id <replaceable>AFS UID</replaceable>
2690 <primary>commands</primary>
2691 <secondary>pts adduser</secondary>
2695 <primary>pts commands</primary>
2696 <secondary>adduser</secondary>
2700 <primary>system:administrators group</primary>
2704 <primary>admin account</primary>
2705 <secondary>adding</secondary>
2706 <tertiary>to system:administrators group</tertiary>
2711 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">pts adduser</emphasis> command to make the <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis>
2712 user a member of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group, and the <emphasis role="bold">pts
2713 membership</emphasis> command to verify the new membership. Membership in the group enables the <emphasis
2714 role="bold">admin</emphasis> user to issue privileged <emphasis role="bold">pts</emphasis> commands and some privileged
2715 <emphasis role="bold">fs</emphasis> commands. <programlisting>
2716 # <emphasis role="bold">./pts adduser admin system:administrators</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2717 # <emphasis role="bold">./pts membership admin</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2718 Groups admin (id: 1) is a member of:
2719 system:administrators
2720 </programlisting> <indexterm>
2721 <primary>commands</primary>
2722 <secondary>bos restart</secondary>
2723 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
2724 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2725 <primary>bos commands</primary>
2726 <secondary>restart</secondary>
2727 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
2728 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2729 <primary>restarting server process</primary>
2730 <secondary>on first AFS machine</secondary>
2731 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2732 <primary>server process</primary>
2733 <secondary>restarting</secondary>
2734 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
2739 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos restart</emphasis> command with the <emphasis role="bold">-all</emphasis> flag
2740 to restart the database server processes, so that they start using the new server encryption key. <programlisting>
2741 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos restart</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">-all</emphasis>
2742 <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2743 </programlisting></para>
2748 <primary>File Server</primary>
2750 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2754 <primary>fileserver process</primary>
2756 <see>File Server</see>
2760 <primary>starting</primary>
2762 <secondary>File Server</secondary>
2764 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2768 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2770 <secondary>File Server, fs process</secondary>
2774 <primary>Volume Server</primary>
2776 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2780 <primary>volserver process</primary>
2782 <see>Volume Server</see>
2786 <primary>starting</primary>
2788 <secondary>Volume Server</secondary>
2790 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2794 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2796 <secondary>Volume Server</secondary>
2800 <primary>Salvager (salvager process)</primary>
2802 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2806 <primary>fs process</primary>
2808 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
2812 <primary>starting</primary>
2814 <secondary>fs process</secondary>
2816 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2820 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2822 <secondary>Salvager</secondary>
2826 <sect1 id="HDRWQ60">
2827 <title>Starting the File Server processes</title>
2830 <emphasis role="bold">dafs</emphasis> process.
2831 The <emphasis role="bold">dafs</emphasis> process consists of the
2832 Demand-Attach File Server, Volume Server, Salvage Server, and Salvager (<emphasis role="bold">dafileserver</emphasis>,
2833 <emphasis role="bold"> davolserver</emphasis>, <emphasis role="bold">salvageserver</emphasis>, and <emphasis
2834 role="bold">dasalvager</emphasis> processes). Most sites should run the
2835 Demand-Attach File Server, but the traditional/legacy File Server remains
2836 an option. If you are uncertain whether to run the legacy File Server,
2837 see <link linkend="DAFS">Appendix C, The Demand-Attach File Server</link>.
2840 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos create</emphasis> command to start the
2841 <emphasis role="bold">dafs</emphasis> process. The commands appear here on multiple lines only for legibility.
2845 <para>Create the <emphasis
2846 role="bold">dafs</emphasis> process:
2848 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">dafs dafs /usr/afs/bin/dafileserver</emphasis> \
2849 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/davolserver /usr/afs/bin/salvageserver</emphasis> \
2850 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/dasalvager</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2851 </programlisting></para>
2856 <para>Sometimes a message about Volume Location Database (VLDB) initialization appears, along with one or more instances
2857 of an error message similar to the following:</para>
2860 FSYNC_clientInit temporary failure (will retry)
2863 <para>This message appears when the <emphasis role="bold">volserver</emphasis> process tries to start before the <emphasis
2864 role="bold">fileserver</emphasis> process has completed its initialization. Wait a few minutes after the last such message
2865 before continuing, to guarantee that both processes have started successfully. <indexterm>
2866 <primary>commands</primary>
2868 <secondary>bos status</secondary>
2869 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2870 <primary>bos commands</primary>
2872 <secondary>status</secondary>
2875 <para>You can verify that the <emphasis role="bold">dafs</emphasis> process has started
2876 successfully by issuing the <emphasis role="bold">bos status</emphasis> command. Its output mentions two <computeroutput>proc
2877 starts</computeroutput>.</para>
2879 <para>If you are running the Demand-Attach File Server:
2881 # <emphasis role="bold">./bos status</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis role="bold">dafs -long -noauth</emphasis>
2882 </programlisting></para>
2886 <para>Your next action depends on whether you have ever run AFS file server machines in the cell: <itemizedlist>
2888 <primary>commands</primary>
2890 <secondary>vos create</secondary>
2892 <tertiary>root.afs volume</tertiary>
2896 <primary>vos commands</primary>
2898 <secondary>create</secondary>
2900 <tertiary>root.afs volume</tertiary>
2904 <primary>root.afs volume</primary>
2906 <secondary>creating</secondary>
2910 <primary>volume</primary>
2912 <secondary>creating</secondary>
2914 <tertiary>root.afs</tertiary>
2918 <primary>creating</primary>
2920 <secondary>root.afs volume</secondary>
2924 <para>If you are installing the first AFS server machine ever in the cell (that is, you are not upgrading the AFS
2925 software from a previous version), create the first AFS volume, <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis>.</para>
2927 <para>For the <replaceable>partition name</replaceable> argument, substitute the name of one of the machine's AFS
2928 server partitions (such as <emphasis role="bold">/vicepa</emphasis>).</para>
2931 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <emphasis
2932 role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> \
2933 <emphasis role="bold">-noauth</emphasis>
2936 <para>The Volume Server produces a message confirming that it created the volume on the specified partition. You can
2937 ignore error messages indicating that tokens are missing, or that authentication failed. <indexterm>
2938 <primary>commands</primary>
2940 <secondary>vos syncvldb</secondary>
2941 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2942 <primary>vos commands</primary>
2944 <secondary>syncvldb</secondary>
2945 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2946 <primary>commands</primary>
2948 <secondary>vos syncserv</secondary>
2949 </indexterm> <indexterm>
2950 <primary>vos commands</primary>
2952 <secondary>syncserv</secondary>
2957 <para>If there are existing AFS file server machines and volumes in the cell, issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos
2958 syncvldb</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">vos syncserv</emphasis> commands to synchronize the VLDB with the
2959 actual state of volumes on the local machine. To follow the progress of the synchronization operation, which can
2960 take several minutes, use the <emphasis role="bold">-verbose</emphasis> flag. <programlisting>
2961 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos syncvldb</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis
2962 role="bold">-verbose -noauth</emphasis>
2963 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos syncserv</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis
2964 role="bold">-verbose -noauth</emphasis>
2965 </programlisting></para>
2967 <para>You can ignore error messages indicating that tokens are missing, or that authentication failed.</para>
2969 </itemizedlist></para>
2971 </orderedlist></para>
2974 <primary>Update Server</primary>
2976 <secondary>starting server portion</secondary>
2978 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2982 <primary>upserver process</primary>
2984 <see>Update Server</see>
2988 <primary>starting</primary>
2990 <secondary>Update Server server portion</secondary>
2992 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
2996 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
2998 <secondary>Update Server server portion</secondary>
3002 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3004 <secondary>defining</secondary>
3006 <tertiary>as binary distribution machine</tertiary>
3010 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3012 <secondary>defining</secondary>
3014 <tertiary>as system control machine</tertiary>
3018 <primary>system control machine</primary>
3022 <primary>binary distribution machine</primary>
3026 <sect1 id="HDRWQ62">
3027 <title>Clock Sync Considerations</title>
3029 <para>Keeping the clocks on all server and client machines in your cell synchronized is crucial to several functions, and in
3030 particular to the correct operation of AFS's distributed database technology, Ubik. The chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS
3031 Administration Guide</emphasis> about administering server machines explains how time skew can disturb Ubik's performance and
3032 cause service outages in your cell.</para>
3034 <para>You should install and configure your time service independently of
3035 AFS. Your Kerberos realm will also require a reliable time source, so your site
3036 may already have one available.</para>
3039 <primary>overview</primary>
3041 <secondary>installing client functionality on first machine</secondary>
3045 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3047 <secondary>client functionality</secondary>
3049 <tertiary>installing</tertiary>
3053 <primary>installing</primary>
3055 <secondary>client functionality</secondary>
3057 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3061 <sect1 id="HDRWQ63">
3062 <title>Overview: Installing Client Functionality</title>
3064 <para>The machine you are installing is now an AFS file server machine,
3065 database server machine, system control machine, and binary distribution
3066 machine. Now make it a client machine by completing the following tasks:
3069 <para>Define the machine's cell membership for client processes</para>
3073 <para>Create the client version of the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file</para>
3077 <para>Define cache location and size</para>
3081 <para>Create the <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory and start the Cache Manager</para>
3083 </orderedlist></para>
3086 <primary>Distribution</primary>
3088 <secondary>copying client files from</secondary>
3090 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3094 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3096 <secondary>copying</secondary>
3098 <tertiary>client files to local disk</tertiary>
3102 <primary>copying</primary>
3104 <secondary>client files to local disk</secondary>
3106 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3110 <sect1 id="HDRWQ64">
3111 <title>Copying Client Files to the Local Disk</title>
3113 <para>You need only undertake the steps in this section, if you are using
3114 a tar file distribution, or one built from scratch. Packaged distributions,
3115 such as RPMs or DEBs will already have installed the necessary files in
3116 the correct locations.</para>
3118 <para>Before installing and configuring the AFS client, copy the necessary files from the tarball to the local <emphasis
3119 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory. <orderedlist>
3121 <para>If you have not already done so, unpack the distribution
3122 tarball for this machine's system type into a suitable location on
3123 the filesystem, such as <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdist</emphasis>.
3124 If you use a different location, substitue that in the examples that
3129 <para>Copy files to the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory.</para>
3131 <para>This step places a copy of the AFS initialization script (and related files, if applicable) into the <emphasis
3132 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory. In the preceding instructions for incorporating AFS into the kernel, you
3133 copied the script directly to the operating system's conventional location for initialization files. When you incorporate
3134 AFS into the machine's startup sequence in a later step, you can choose to link the two files.</para>
3136 <para>On some system types that use a dynamic kernel loader program, you previously copied AFS library files into a
3137 subdirectory of the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory. On other system types, you copied the
3138 appropriate AFS library file directly to the directory where the operating system accesses it. The following commands do
3139 not copy or recopy the AFS library files into the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory, because on
3140 some system types the library files consume a large amount of space. If you want to copy them, add the <emphasis
3141 role="bold">-r</emphasis> flag to the first <emphasis role="bold">cp</emphasis> command and skip the second <emphasis
3142 role="bold">cp</emphasis> command.</para>
3145 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /tmp/afsdist/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/root.client/usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
3146 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -p * /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
3147 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp C /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
3150 </orderedlist></para>
3153 <primary>cell name</primary>
3155 <secondary>setting in client ThisCell file</secondary>
3157 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3161 <primary>setting</primary>
3163 <secondary>cell name in client ThisCell file</secondary>
3165 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3169 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3171 <secondary>ThisCell file (client)</secondary>
3175 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3177 <secondary>cell membership, defining</secondary>
3179 <tertiary>for client processes</tertiary>
3183 <primary>usr/vice/etc/ThisCell</primary>
3185 <see>ThisCell file (client)</see>
3189 <primary>ThisCell file (client)</primary>
3191 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
3195 <primary>files</primary>
3197 <secondary>ThisCell (client)</secondary>
3201 <sect1 id="HDRWQ65">
3202 <title>Defining Cell Membership for Client Processes</title>
3204 <para>Every AFS client machine has a copy of the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/ThisCell</emphasis> file on its local disk
3205 to define the machine's cell membership for the AFS client programs that run on it. The <emphasis
3206 role="bold">ThisCell</emphasis> file you created in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis> directory (in <link
3207 linkend="HDRWQ51">Defining Cell Name and Membership for Server Processes</link>) is used only by server processes.</para>
3209 <para>Among other functions, the <emphasis role="bold">ThisCell</emphasis> file on a client machine determines the following:
3212 <para>The cell in which users gain tokens when they log onto the
3213 machine, assuming it is using an AFS-modified login utility</para>
3217 <para>The cell in which users gain tokens by default when they issue
3218 the <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis> command</para>
3222 <para>The cell membership of the AFS server processes that the AFS
3223 command interpreters on this machine contact by default</para>
3228 <para>Change to the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory and remove the symbolic link created in <link
3229 linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>. <programlisting>
3230 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
3231 # <emphasis role="bold">rm ThisCell</emphasis>
3232 </programlisting></para>
3236 <para>Create the <emphasis role="bold">ThisCell</emphasis> file as a copy of the <emphasis
3237 role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/ThisCell</emphasis> file. Defining the same local cell for both server and client processes leads
3238 to the most consistent AFS performance. <programlisting>
3239 # <emphasis role="bold">cp /usr/afs/etc/ThisCell ThisCell</emphasis>
3240 </programlisting></para>
3242 </orderedlist></para>
3245 <primary>database server machine</primary>
3247 <secondary>entry in client CellServDB file</secondary>
3249 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
3253 <primary>usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</primary>
3255 <see>CellServDB file (client)</see>
3259 <primary>CellServDB file (client)</primary>
3261 <secondary>creating</secondary>
3263 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
3267 <primary>creating</primary>
3269 <secondary>CellServDB file (client)</secondary>
3271 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3275 <primary>CellServDB file (client)</primary>
3277 <secondary>required format</secondary>
3281 <primary>requirements</primary>
3283 <secondary>CellServDB file format (client version)</secondary>
3287 <primary>files</primary>
3289 <secondary>CellServDB (client)</secondary>
3293 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3295 <secondary>CellServDB file (client)</secondary>
3299 <sect1 id="HDRWQ66">
3300 <title>Creating the Client CellServDB File</title>
3302 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> file on a client machine's local disk lists the database
3303 server machines for each cell that the local Cache Manager can contact. If there is no entry in the file for a cell, or if the
3304 list of database server machines is wrong, then users working on this machine cannot access the cell. The chapter in the
3305 <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about administering client machines explains how to maintain the file after
3308 <para>As the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program initializes the Cache Manager, it copies the contents of the
3309 <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file into kernel memory. The Cache Manager always consults the list in kernel memory
3310 rather than the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file itself. Between reboots of the machine, you can use the
3311 <emphasis role="bold">fs newcell</emphasis> command to update the list in kernel memory directly; see the chapter in the
3312 <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about administering client machines.</para>
3314 <para>The AFS distribution includes the file
3315 <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB.dist</emphasis>. It includes an entry for
3316 all AFS cells that agreed to share their database server machine
3317 information at the time the distribution was
3318 created. The definitive copy of this file is maintained at
3319 grand.central.org, and updates may be obtained from
3320 /afs/grand.central.org/service/CellServDB or
3321 <ulink url="http://grand.central.org/dl/cellservdb/CellServDB">
3322 http://grand.central.org/dl/cellservdb/CellServDB</ulink></para>
3324 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB.dist</emphasis> file can be a
3325 good basis for the client <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file,
3326 because all of the entries in it use the correct format. You can add or
3327 remove cell entries as you see fit. Depending on your cache manager
3328 configuration, additional steps (as detailed in
3329 <link linkend="HDRWQ91">Enabling Access to Foreign Cells</link>) may be
3330 required to enable the Cache Manager to actually reach the cells.</para>
3332 <para>In this section, you add an entry for the local cell to the local <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file. The
3333 current working directory is still <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis>. <orderedlist>
3335 <para>Remove the symbolic link created in <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link> and rename the <emphasis
3336 role="bold">CellServDB.sample</emphasis> file to <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis>. <programlisting>
3337 # <emphasis role="bold">rm CellServDB</emphasis>
3338 # <emphasis role="bold">mv CellServDB.sample CellServDB</emphasis>
3339 </programlisting></para>
3343 <para>Add an entry for the local cell to the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file. One easy method is to use
3344 the <emphasis role="bold">cat</emphasis> command to append the contents of the server <emphasis
3345 role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> file to the client version. <programlisting>
3346 # <emphasis role="bold">cat /usr/afs/etc/CellServDB >> CellServDB</emphasis>
3347 </programlisting></para>
3349 <para>Then open the file in a text editor to verify that there are no blank lines, and that all entries have the required
3350 format, which is described just following. The ordering of cells is not significant, but it can be convenient to have the
3351 client machine's home cell at the top; move it there now if you wish. <itemizedlist>
3353 <para>The first line of a cell's entry has the following format: <programlisting>
3354 ><replaceable>cell_name</replaceable> #<replaceable>organization</replaceable>
3355 </programlisting></para>
3357 <para>where <replaceable>cell_name</replaceable> is the cell's complete Internet domain name (for example, <emphasis
3358 role="bold">example.com</emphasis>) and <replaceable>organization</replaceable> is an optional field that follows any
3359 number of spaces and the number sign (<computeroutput>#</computeroutput>). By convention it names the organization
3360 to which the cell corresponds (for example, the Example Corporation).</para>
3364 <para>After the first line comes a separate line for each database server machine. Each line has the following
3365 format: <programlisting>
3366 <replaceable>IP_address</replaceable> #<replaceable>machine_name</replaceable>
3367 </programlisting></para>
3369 <para>where <replaceable>IP_address</replaceable> is the machine's IP address in dotted decimal format (for example,
3370 192.12.105.3). Following any number of spaces and the number sign (<computeroutput>#</computeroutput>) is
3371 <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable>, the machine's fully-qualified hostname (for example, <emphasis
3372 role="bold">db1.example.com</emphasis>). In this case, the number sign does not indicate a comment;
3373 <replaceable>machine_name</replaceable> is a required field.</para>
3375 </itemizedlist></para>
3379 <para>If the file includes cells that you do not wish users of this machine to access, remove their entries.</para>
3381 </orderedlist></para>
3383 <para>The following example shows entries for two cells, each of which has three database server machines:</para>
3386 >example.com #Example Corporation (home cell)
3387 192.12.105.3 #db1.example.com
3388 192.12.105.4 #db2.example.com
3389 192.12.105.55 #db3.example.com
3390 >example.org #Example Organization cell
3391 138.255.68.93 #serverA.example.org
3392 138.255.68.72 #serverB.example.org
3393 138.255.33.154 #serverC.example.org
3397 <primary>cache</primary>
3399 <secondary>configuring</secondary>
3401 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3405 <primary>configuring</primary>
3407 <secondary>cache</secondary>
3409 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3413 <primary>setting</primary>
3415 <secondary>cache size and location</secondary>
3417 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3421 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3423 <secondary>cache size and location</secondary>
3427 <sect1 id="HDRWQ67">
3428 <title>Configuring the Cache</title>
3430 <para>The Cache Manager uses a cache on the local disk or in machine memory to store local copies of files fetched from file
3431 server machines. As the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program initializes the Cache Manager, it sets basic cache
3432 configuration parameters according to definitions in the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/cacheinfo</emphasis> file.
3433 The file has three fields: <orderedlist>
3435 <para>The first field names the local directory on which to mount the AFS filespace. The conventional location is the
3436 <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory.</para>
3440 <para>The second field defines the local disk directory to use for the disk cache. The conventional location is the
3441 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/cache</emphasis> directory, but you can specify an alternate directory if another
3442 partition has more space available. There must always be a value in this field, but the Cache Manager ignores it if the
3443 machine uses a memory cache.</para>
3447 <para>The third field specifies the number of kilobyte (1024 byte) blocks to allocate for the cache.</para>
3449 </orderedlist></para>
3451 <para>The values you define must meet the following requirements. <itemizedlist>
3453 <para>On a machine using a disk cache, the Cache Manager expects always to be able to use the amount of space specified in
3454 the third field. Failure to meet this requirement can cause serious problems, some of which can be repaired only by
3455 rebooting. You must prevent non-AFS processes from filling up the cache partition. The simplest way is to devote a
3456 partition to the cache exclusively.</para>
3460 <para>The amount of space available in memory or on the partition housing the disk cache directory imposes an absolute
3461 limit on cache size.</para>
3465 <para>The maximum supported cache size can vary in each AFS release; see the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release Notes</emphasis>
3466 for the current version.</para>
3470 <para>For a disk cache, you cannot specify a value in the third field that exceeds 95% of the space available on the
3471 partition mounted at the directory named in the second field. If you violate this restriction, the <emphasis
3472 role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program exits without starting the Cache Manager and prints an appropriate message on the
3473 standard output stream. A value of 90% is more appropriate on most machines. Some operating systems (such as AIX) do not
3474 automatically reserve some space to prevent the partition from filling completely; for them, a smaller value (say, 80% to
3475 85% of the space available) is more appropriate.</para>
3479 <para>For a memory cache, you must leave enough memory for other processes and applications to run. If you try to allocate
3480 more memory than is actually available, the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program exits without initializing the
3481 Cache Manager and produces the following message on the standard output stream. <programlisting>
3482 afsd: memCache allocation failure at <replaceable>number</replaceable> KB
3483 </programlisting></para>
3485 <para>The <replaceable>number</replaceable> value is how many kilobytes were allocated just before the failure, and so
3486 indicates the approximate amount of memory available.</para>
3488 </itemizedlist></para>
3490 <para>Within these hard limits, the factors that determine appropriate cache size include the number of users working on the
3491 machine, the size of the files with which they work, and (for a memory cache) the number of processes that run on the machine.
3492 The higher the demand from these factors, the larger the cache needs to be to maintain good performance.</para>
3494 <para>Disk caches smaller than 10 MB do not generally perform well. Machines serving multiple users usually perform better with
3495 a cache of at least 60 to 70 MB. The point at which enlarging the cache further does not really improve performance depends on
3496 the factors mentioned previously and is difficult to predict.</para>
3498 <para>Memory caches smaller than 1 MB are nonfunctional, and the performance of caches smaller than 5 MB is usually
3499 unsatisfactory. Suitable upper limits are similar to those for disk caches but are probably determined more by the demands on
3500 memory from other sources on the machine (number of users and processes). Machines running only a few processes possibly can use
3501 a smaller memory cache.</para>
3503 <sect2 id="HDRWQ68">
3504 <title>Configuring a Disk Cache</title>
3507 <para>Not all file system types that an operating system supports are necessarily supported for use as the cache partition.
3508 For possible restrictions, see the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release Notes</emphasis>.</para>
3511 <para>To configure the disk cache, perform the following procedures: <orderedlist>
3513 <para>Create the local directory to use for caching. The following instruction shows the conventional location,
3514 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/cache</emphasis>. If you are devoting a partition exclusively to caching, as
3515 recommended, you must also configure it, make a file system on it, and mount it at the directory created in this step.
3517 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /usr/vice/cache</emphasis>
3518 </programlisting></para>
3522 <para>Create the <emphasis role="bold">cacheinfo</emphasis> file to define the configuration parameters discussed
3523 previously. The following instruction shows the standard mount location, <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis>, and the
3524 standard cache location, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/cache</emphasis>. <programlisting>
3525 # <emphasis role="bold">echo "/afs:/usr/vice/cache:</emphasis><replaceable>#blocks</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">" > /usr/vice/etc/cacheinfo</emphasis>
3526 </programlisting></para>
3528 <para>The following example defines the disk cache size as 50,000 KB:</para>
3531 # <emphasis role="bold">echo "/afs:/usr/vice/cache:50000" > /usr/vice/etc/cacheinfo</emphasis>
3534 </orderedlist></para>
3537 <sect2 id="HDRWQ69">
3538 <title>Configuring a Memory Cache</title>
3540 <para>To configure a memory cache, create the <emphasis role="bold">cacheinfo</emphasis> file to define the configuration
3541 parameters discussed previously. The following instruction shows the standard mount location, <emphasis
3542 role="bold">/afs</emphasis>, and the standard cache location, <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/cache</emphasis> (though the
3543 exact value of the latter is irrelevant for a memory cache).</para>
3546 # <emphasis role="bold">echo "/afs:/usr/vice/cache:</emphasis><replaceable>#blocks</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">" > /usr/vice/etc/cacheinfo</emphasis>
3549 <para>The following example allocates 25,000 KB of memory for the cache.</para>
3552 # <emphasis role="bold">echo "/afs:/usr/vice/cache:25000" > /usr/vice/etc/cacheinfo</emphasis>
3556 <primary>Cache Manager</primary>
3558 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
3562 <primary>configuring</primary>
3564 <secondary>Cache Manager</secondary>
3566 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3570 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3572 <secondary>Cache Manager</secondary>
3576 <primary>afs (/afs) directory</primary>
3578 <secondary>creating</secondary>
3580 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3584 <primary>AFS initialization script</primary>
3586 <secondary>setting afsd parameters</secondary>
3588 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3592 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3594 <secondary>afsd command parameters</secondary>
3599 <sect1 id="HDRWQ70">
3600 <title>Configuring the Cache Manager</title>
3602 <para>By convention, the Cache Manager mounts the AFS filespace on the local <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory. In
3603 this section you create that directory.</para>
3605 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program sets several cache configuration parameters as it initializes the Cache
3606 Manager, and starts daemons that improve performance. You can use the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command's arguments
3607 to override the parameters' default values and to change the number of some of the daemons. Depending on the machine's cache
3608 size, its amount of RAM, and how many people work on it, you can sometimes improve Cache Manager performance by overriding the
3609 default values. For a discussion of all of the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command's arguments, see its reference page
3610 in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Reference</emphasis>.</para>
3612 <para>On platforms using the standard 'afs' initialisation script (this does not apply to Fedora or RHEL based distributions), the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command line in the AFS initialization script on each system type includes an
3613 <computeroutput>OPTIONS</computeroutput> variable. You can use it to set nondefault values for the command's arguments, in one
3614 of the following ways: <itemizedlist>
3616 <para>You can create an <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> <emphasis>options file</emphasis> that sets values for
3617 arguments to the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command. If the file exists, its contents are automatically
3618 substituted for the <computeroutput>OPTIONS</computeroutput> variable in the AFS initialization script. The AFS
3619 distribution for some system types includes an options file; on other system types, you must create it.</para>
3621 <para>You use two variables in the AFS initialization script to specify the path to the options file:
3622 <computeroutput>CONFIG</computeroutput> and <computeroutput>AFSDOPT</computeroutput>. On system types that define a
3623 conventional directory for configuration files, the <computeroutput>CONFIG</computeroutput> variable indicates it by
3624 default; otherwise, the variable indicates an appropriate location.</para>
3626 <para>List the desired <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options on a single line in the options file, separating each
3627 option with one or more spaces. The following example sets the <emphasis role="bold">-stat</emphasis> argument to 2500,
3628 the <emphasis role="bold">-daemons</emphasis> argument to 4, and the <emphasis role="bold">-volumes</emphasis> argument to
3632 -stat 2500 -daemons 4 -volumes 100
3637 <para>On a machine that uses a disk cache, you can set the <computeroutput>OPTIONS</computeroutput> variable in the AFS
3638 initialization script to one of <computeroutput>$SMALL</computeroutput>, <computeroutput>$MEDIUM</computeroutput>, or
3639 <computeroutput>$LARGE</computeroutput>. The AFS initialization script uses one of these settings if the <emphasis
3640 role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file named by the <computeroutput>AFSDOPT</computeroutput> variable does not exist. In
3641 the script as distributed, the <computeroutput>OPTIONS</computeroutput> variable is set to the value
3642 <computeroutput>$MEDIUM</computeroutput>.</para>
3645 <para>Do not set the <computeroutput>OPTIONS</computeroutput> variable to <computeroutput>$SMALL</computeroutput>,
3646 <computeroutput>$MEDIUM</computeroutput>, or <computeroutput>$LARGE</computeroutput> on a machine that uses a memory
3647 cache. The arguments it sets are appropriate only on a machine that uses a disk cache.</para>
3650 <para>The script (or on some system types the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file named by the
3651 <computeroutput>AFSDOPT</computeroutput> variable) defines a value for each of <computeroutput>SMALL</computeroutput>,
3652 <computeroutput>MEDIUM</computeroutput>, and <computeroutput>LARGE</computeroutput> that sets <emphasis
3653 role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command arguments appropriately for client machines of different sizes: <itemizedlist>
3655 <para><computeroutput>SMALL</computeroutput> is suitable for a small machine that serves one or two users and has
3656 approximately 8 MB of RAM and a 20-MB cache</para>
3660 <para><computeroutput>MEDIUM</computeroutput> is suitable for a medium-sized machine that serves two to six users
3661 and has 16 MB of RAM and a 40-MB cache</para>
3665 <para><computeroutput>LARGE</computeroutput> is suitable for a large machine that serves five to ten users and has
3666 32 MB of RAM and a 100-MB cache</para>
3668 </itemizedlist></para>
3672 <para>You can choose not to create an <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file and to set the
3673 <computeroutput>OPTIONS</computeroutput> variable in the initialization script to a null value rather than to the default
3674 <computeroutput>$MEDIUM</computeroutput> value. You can then either set arguments directly on the <emphasis
3675 role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command line in the script, or set no arguments (and so accept default values for all Cache
3676 Manager parameters).</para>
3681 <para>If you are running on a Fedora or RHEL based system, the
3682 openafs-client initialization script behaves differently from that
3683 described above. It sources /etc/sysconfig/openafs, in which the
3684 AFSD_ARGS variable may be set to contain any, or all, of the afsd options
3685 detailed. Note that this script does not support setting an OPTIONS
3686 variable, or the SMALL, MEDIUM and LARGE methods of defining cache size
3692 <para>Create the local directory on which to mount the AFS filespace, by convention <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis>.
3693 If the directory already exists, verify that it is empty. <programlisting>
3694 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir /afs</emphasis>
3695 </programlisting></para>
3699 <para>On AIX systems, add the following line to the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/vfs</emphasis> file. It enables AIX to
3700 unmount AFS correctly during shutdown. <programlisting>
3702 </programlisting></para>
3706 <para>On non-package based Linux systems, copy the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file from the <emphasis
3707 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory to the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/sysconfig</emphasis> directory, removing
3708 the <emphasis role="bold">.conf</emphasis> extension as you do so. <programlisting>
3709 # <emphasis role="bold">cp /usr/vice/etc/afs.conf /etc/sysconfig/afs</emphasis>
3710 </programlisting></para>
3714 <para>Edit the machine's AFS initialization script or <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file to set
3715 appropriate values for <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command parameters. The script resides in the indicated
3716 location on each system type: <itemizedlist>
3718 <para>On AIX systems, <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.afs</emphasis></para>
3722 <para>On HP-UX systems, <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/init.d/afs</emphasis></para>
3726 <para>On IRIX systems, <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs</emphasis></para>
3730 <para>On Fedora and RHEL systems, <emphasis role="bold">/etc/sysconfg/openafs</emphasis></para>
3734 <para>On non-package based Linux systems, <emphasis role="bold">/etc/sysconfig/afs</emphasis> (the <emphasis
3735 role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file)</para>
3739 <para>On Solaris systems, <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs</emphasis></para>
3741 </itemizedlist></para>
3743 <para>Use one of the methods described in the introduction to this section to add the following flags to the <emphasis
3744 role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command line. If you intend for the machine to remain an AFS client, also set any
3745 performance-related arguments you wish. <itemizedlist>
3747 <para>Add the <emphasis role="bold">-memcache</emphasis> flag if the machine is to use a memory cache.</para>
3751 <para>Add the <emphasis role="bold">-verbose</emphasis> flag to display a trace of the Cache Manager's
3752 initialization on the standard output stream.</para>
3754 </itemizedlist></para>
3757 <note><para>In order to successfully complete the instructions in the
3758 remainder of this guide, it is important that the machine does not have
3759 a synthetic root (as discussed in <link linkend="HDRWQ91">Enabling Access
3760 to Foreign Cells</link>). As some distributions ship with this enabled, it
3761 may be necessary to remove any occurences of the
3762 <emphasis role="bold">-dynroot</emphasis> and
3763 <emphasis role="bold">-afsdb</emphasis> options from both the AFS
3764 initialisation script and options file. If this functionality is
3765 required it may be renabled as detailed in
3766 <link linkend="HDRWQ91">Enabling Access to Foreign Cells</link>.
3771 <primary>overview</primary>
3773 <secondary>completing installation of first machine</secondary>
3777 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3779 <secondary>completion of installation</secondary>
3783 <sect1 id="HDRWQ71">
3784 <title>Overview: Completing the Installation of the First AFS Machine</title>
3786 <para>The machine is now configured as an AFS file server and client machine. In this final phase of the installation, you
3787 initialize the Cache Manager and then create the upper levels of your AFS filespace, among other procedures. The procedures are:
3790 <para>Verify that the initialization script works correctly, and incorporate it into the operating system's startup and
3791 shutdown sequence</para>
3795 <para>Create and mount top-level volumes</para>
3799 <para>Create and mount volumes to store system binaries in AFS</para>
3803 <para>Enable access to foreign cells</para>
3807 <para>Institute additional security measures</para>
3811 <para>Remove client functionality if desired</para>
3813 </orderedlist></para>
3816 <primary>AFS initialization script</primary>
3818 <secondary>verifying on first AFS machine</secondary>
3822 <primary>AFS initialization script</primary>
3824 <secondary>running</secondary>
3826 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3830 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
3832 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
3834 <tertiary>running/verifying</tertiary>
3838 <primary>running AFS init. script</primary>
3840 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
3844 <primary>invoking AFS init. script</primary>
3850 <sect1 id="HDRWQ72">
3851 <title>Verifying the AFS Initialization Script</title>
3853 <para>At this point you run the AFS initialization script to verify that it correctly invokes all of the necessary programs and
3854 AFS processes, and that they start correctly. The following are the relevant commands: <itemizedlist>
3856 <para>The command that dynamically loads AFS modifications into the kernel, on some system types (not applicable if the
3857 kernel has AFS modifications built in)</para>
3861 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">bosserver</emphasis> command, which starts the BOS Server; it in turn starts the server
3862 processes for which you created entries in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/local/BosConfig</emphasis> file</para>
3866 <para>The <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> command, which initializes the Cache Manager</para>
3868 </itemizedlist></para>
3870 <para>On system types that use a dynamic loader program, you must reboot the machine before running the initialization script,
3871 so that it can freshly load AFS modifications into the kernel.</para>
3873 <para>If there are problems during the initialization, attempt to resolve them. The OpenAFS mailing lists can provide assistance if necessary.
3877 <primary>commands</primary>
3879 <secondary>bos shutdown</secondary>
3883 <primary>bos commands</primary>
3885 <secondary>shutdown</secondary>
3889 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos shutdown</emphasis> command to shut down the AFS server processes other than the
3890 BOS Server. Include the <emphasis role="bold">-wait</emphasis> flag to delay return of the command shell prompt until all
3891 processes shut down completely. <programlisting>
3892 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/bos shutdown</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <emphasis
3893 role="bold">-wait</emphasis>
3894 </programlisting></para>
3898 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">ps</emphasis> command to learn the <emphasis role="bold">bosserver</emphasis>
3899 process's process ID number (PID), and then the <emphasis role="bold">kill</emphasis> command to stop it. <programlisting>
3900 # <emphasis role="bold">ps</emphasis> <replaceable>appropriate_ps_options</replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">| grep bosserver</emphasis>
3901 # <emphasis role="bold">kill</emphasis> <replaceable>bosserver_PID</replaceable>
3902 </programlisting></para>
3906 <para>Issue the appropriate commands to run the AFS initialization script for this system type.</para>
3909 <primary>AIX</primary>
3911 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
3913 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
3916 <para><emphasis role="bold">On AIX systems:</emphasis> <orderedlist>
3918 <para>Reboot the machine and log in again as the local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>.
3920 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
3921 # <emphasis role="bold">shutdown -r now</emphasis>
3922 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
3923 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
3924 </programlisting></para>
3928 <para>Run the AFS initialization script. <programlisting>
3929 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.afs</emphasis>
3930 </programlisting></para>
3932 </orderedlist></para>
3935 <primary>HP-UX</primary>
3937 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
3939 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
3942 <para><emphasis role="bold">On HP-UX systems:</emphasis> <orderedlist>
3944 <para>Run the AFS initialization script. <programlisting>
3945 # <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/init.d/afs start</emphasis>
3946 </programlisting></para>
3948 </orderedlist></para>
3951 <primary>IRIX</primary>
3953 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
3955 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
3959 <primary>afsclient variable (IRIX)</primary>
3961 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
3965 <primary>variables</primary>
3967 <secondary>afsclient (IRIX)</secondary>
3969 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3973 <primary>IRIX</primary>
3975 <secondary>afsclient variable</secondary>
3977 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3981 <primary>afsserver variable (IRIX)</primary>
3983 <secondary>first AFS machine</secondary>
3987 <primary>variables</primary>
3989 <secondary>afsserver (IRIX)</secondary>
3991 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
3995 <primary>IRIX</primary>
3997 <secondary>afsserver variable</secondary>
3999 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4002 <para><emphasis role="bold">On IRIX systems:</emphasis> <orderedlist>
4004 <para>If you have configured the machine to use the <emphasis role="bold">ml</emphasis> dynamic loader program,
4005 reboot the machine and log in again as the local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>. <programlisting>
4006 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
4007 # <emphasis role="bold">shutdown -i6 -g0 -y</emphasis>
4008 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
4009 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
4010 </programlisting></para>
4014 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">chkconfig</emphasis> command to activate the <emphasis
4015 role="bold">afsserver</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">afsclient</emphasis> configuration variables.
4017 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/chkconfig -f afsserver on</emphasis>
4018 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/chkconfig -f afsclient on</emphasis>
4019 </programlisting></para>
4023 <para>Run the AFS initialization script. <programlisting>
4024 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs start</emphasis>
4025 </programlisting></para>
4027 </orderedlist></para>
4030 <primary>Linux</primary>
4032 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4034 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4037 <para><emphasis role="bold">On Linux systems:</emphasis> <orderedlist>
4039 <para>Reboot the machine and log in again as the local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>.
4041 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
4042 # <emphasis role="bold">shutdown -r now</emphasis>
4043 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
4044 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
4045 </programlisting></para>
4049 <para>Run the AFS initialization scripts.
4051 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.d/init.d/openafs-client start</emphasis>
4052 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.d/init.d/openafs-server start</emphasis>
4053 </programlisting></para>
4055 </orderedlist></para>
4058 <primary>Solaris</primary>
4060 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4062 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4065 <para><emphasis role="bold">On Solaris systems:</emphasis> <orderedlist>
4067 <para>Reboot the machine and log in again as the local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>.
4069 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
4070 # <emphasis role="bold">shutdown -i6 -g0 -y</emphasis>
4071 login: <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
4072 Password: <replaceable>root_password</replaceable>
4073 </programlisting></para>
4077 <para>Run the AFS initialization script. <programlisting>
4078 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d/afs start</emphasis>
4079 </programlisting></para>
4081 </orderedlist></para>
4085 <para>Wait for the message that confirms that Cache Manager initialization is complete.</para>
4087 <para>On machines that use a disk cache, it can take a while to initialize the Cache Manager for the first time, because
4088 the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program must create all of the <emphasis
4089 role="bold">V</emphasis><replaceable>n</replaceable> files in the cache directory. Subsequent Cache Manager
4090 initializations do not take nearly as long, because the <emphasis role="bold">V</emphasis><replaceable>n</replaceable>
4091 files already exist.</para>
4096 <primary>commands</primary>
4097 <secondary>aklog</secondary>
4101 <primary>aklog command</primary>
4104 <para>If you are working with an existing cell which uses
4105 <emphasis role="bold">kaserver</emphasis> for authentication,
4106 please recall the note in
4107 <link linkend="KAS003">Using this Appendix</link> detailing the
4108 substitution of <emphasis role="bold">kinit</emphasis> and
4109 <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis> with
4110 <emphasis role="bold">klog</emphasis>.</para>
4112 <para>As a basic test of correct AFS functioning, issue the
4113 <emphasis role="bold">kinit</emphasis> and
4114 <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis> commands to authenticate
4115 as the <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis> user.
4116 Provide the password (<replaceable>admin_passwd</replaceable>) you
4117 defined in <link linkend="HDRWQ53">Initializing Cell Security</link>.</para>
4120 # <emphasis role="bold">kinit admin</emphasis>
4121 Password: <replaceable>admin_passwd</replaceable>
4122 # <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis>
4126 <primary>commands</primary>
4128 <secondary>tokens</secondary>
4132 <primary>tokens command</primary>
4137 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">tokens</emphasis> command to
4138 verify that the <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis>
4139 command worked correctly. If it did, the output looks similar to the following example for the <emphasis
4140 role="bold">example.com</emphasis> cell, where <emphasis role="bold">admin</emphasis>'s AFS UID is 1. If the output does not
4141 seem correct, resolve the problem. Changes to the AFS initialization script are possibly necessary. The OpenAFS mailing lists can provide assistance as necessary. <programlisting>
4142 # <emphasis role="bold">tokens</emphasis>
4143 Tokens held by the Cache Manager:
4144 User's (AFS ID 1) tokens for afs@example.com [Expires May 22 11:52]
4146 </programlisting></para>
4150 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">bos status</emphasis> command to verify that the output for each process reads
4151 <computeroutput>Currently running normally</computeroutput>. <programlisting>
4152 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/bos status</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>>
4153 </programlisting> <indexterm>
4154 <primary>fs commands</primary>
4156 <secondary>checkvolumes</secondary>
4157 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4158 <primary>commands</primary>
4160 <secondary>fs checkvolumes</secondary>
4165 <para>Change directory to the local file system root (<emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis>) and issue the <emphasis
4166 role="bold">fs checkvolumes</emphasis> command. <programlisting>
4167 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
4168 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs checkvolumes</emphasis>
4169 </programlisting></para>
4171 </orderedlist></para>
4174 <primary>AFS initialization script</primary>
4176 <secondary>adding to machine startup sequence</secondary>
4178 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4182 <primary>installing</primary>
4184 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4186 <tertiary>first AFS machine</tertiary>
4190 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
4192 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4194 <tertiary>activating</tertiary>
4198 <primary>activating AFS init. script</primary>
4200 <see>installing</see>
4204 <sect1 id="HDRWQ73">
4205 <title>Activating the AFS Initialization Script</title>
4207 <para>Now that you have confirmed that the AFS initialization script works correctly, take the action necessary to have it run
4208 automatically at each reboot. Proceed to the instructions for your system type: <itemizedlist>
4210 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ74">Activating the Script on AIX Systems</link></para>
4214 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ76">Activating the Script on HP-UX Systems</link></para>
4218 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ77">Activating the Script on IRIX Systems</link></para>
4222 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ78">Activating the Script on Linux Systems</link></para>
4226 <para><link linkend="HDRWQ79">Activating the Script on Solaris Systems</link></para>
4228 </itemizedlist></para>
4231 <primary>AIX</primary>
4233 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4235 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4238 <sect2 id="HDRWQ74">
4239 <title>Activating the Script on AIX Systems</title>
4243 <para>Edit the AIX initialization file, <emphasis role="bold">/etc/inittab</emphasis>, adding the following line to invoke
4244 the AFS initialization script. Place it just after the line that starts NFS daemons. <programlisting>
4245 rcafs:2:wait:/etc/rc.afs > /dev/console 2>&1 # Start AFS services
4246 </programlisting></para>
4250 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the
4251 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/etc</emphasis> directories. If you want to avoid
4252 potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always retrieve the
4253 original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary. <programlisting>
4254 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
4255 # <emphasis role="bold">rm rc.afs</emphasis>
4256 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /etc/rc.afs</emphasis>
4257 </programlisting></para>
4261 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ80">Configuring the Top Levels of the AFS Filespace</link>.</para>
4266 <primary>HP-UX</primary>
4268 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4270 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4274 <sect2 id="HDRWQ76">
4275 <title>Activating the Script on HP-UX Systems</title>
4279 <para>Change to the <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/init.d</emphasis> directory and issue the <emphasis role="bold">ln
4280 -s</emphasis> command to create symbolic links that incorporate the AFS initialization script into the HP-UX startup and
4281 shutdown sequence. <programlisting>
4282 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /sbin/init.d</emphasis>
4283 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s ../init.d/afs /sbin/rc2.d/S460afs</emphasis>
4284 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s ../init.d/afs /sbin/rc2.d/K800afs</emphasis>
4285 </programlisting></para>
4289 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the
4290 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/init.d</emphasis> directories. If you want
4291 to avoid potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always
4292 retrieve the original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary. <programlisting>
4293 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
4294 # <emphasis role="bold">rm afs.rc</emphasis>
4295 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /sbin/init.d/afs afs.rc</emphasis>
4296 </programlisting></para>
4300 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ80">Configuring the Top Levels of the AFS Filespace</link>.</para>
4305 <primary>IRIX</primary>
4307 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4309 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4313 <sect2 id="HDRWQ77">
4314 <title>Activating the Script on IRIX Systems</title>
4318 <para>Change to the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d</emphasis> directory and issue the <emphasis role="bold">ln
4319 -s</emphasis> command to create symbolic links that incorporate the AFS initialization script into the IRIX startup and
4320 shutdown sequence. <programlisting>
4321 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /etc/init.d</emphasis>
4322 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s ../init.d/afs /etc/rc2.d/S35afs</emphasis>
4323 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s ../init.d/afs /etc/rc0.d/K35afs</emphasis>
4324 </programlisting></para>
4328 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the
4329 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d</emphasis> directories. If you want
4330 to avoid potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always
4331 retrieve the original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary. <programlisting>
4332 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
4333 # <emphasis role="bold">rm afs.rc</emphasis>
4334 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /etc/init.d/afs afs.rc</emphasis>
4335 </programlisting></para>
4339 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ80">Configuring the Top Levels of the AFS Filespace</link>.</para>
4344 <primary>Linux</primary>
4346 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4348 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4352 <sect2 id="HDRWQ78">
4353 <title>Activating the Script on Linux Systems</title>
4357 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">chkconfig</emphasis> command to activate the <emphasis role="bold">openafs-client</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">openafs-server</emphasis>
4358 configuration variables. Based on the instruction in the AFS initialization file that begins with the string
4359 <computeroutput>#chkconfig</computeroutput>, the command automatically creates the symbolic links that incorporate the
4360 script into the Linux startup and shutdown sequence. <programlisting>
4361 # <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/chkconfig --add openafs-client</emphasis>
4362 # <emphasis role="bold">/sbin/chkconfig --add openafs-server</emphasis>
4363 </programlisting></para>
4367 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the
4368 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/etc/rc.d/init.d</emphasis> directories, and
4369 copies of the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> options file in both the <emphasis
4370 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/etc/sysconfig</emphasis> directories. If you want to avoid
4371 potential confusion by guaranteeing that the two copies of each file are always the same, create a link between them. You
4372 can always retrieve the original script or options file from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary. <programlisting>
4373 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
4374 # <emphasis role="bold">rm afs.rc afs.conf</emphasis>
4375 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/afs afs.rc</emphasis>
4376 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /etc/sysconfig/afs afs.conf</emphasis>
4377 </programlisting></para>
4381 <para>Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ80">Configuring the Top Levels of the AFS Filespace</link>.</para>
4386 <primary>Solaris</primary>
4388 <secondary>AFS initialization script</secondary>
4390 <tertiary>on first AFS machine</tertiary>
4394 <sect2 id="HDRWQ79">
4395 <title>Activating the Script on Solaris Systems</title>
4399 <para>Change to the <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d</emphasis> directory and issue the <emphasis role="bold">ln
4400 -s</emphasis> command to create symbolic links that incorporate the AFS initialization script into the Solaris startup and
4401 shutdown sequence. <programlisting>
4402 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /etc/init.d</emphasis>
4403 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s ../init.d/afs /etc/rc3.d/S99afs</emphasis>
4404 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s ../init.d/afs /etc/rc0.d/K66afs</emphasis>
4405 </programlisting></para>
4409 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> There are now copies of the AFS initialization file in both the
4410 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/etc/init.d</emphasis> directories. If you want
4411 to avoid potential confusion by guaranteeing that they are always the same, create a link between them. You can always
4412 retrieve the original script from the AFS CD-ROM if necessary. <programlisting>
4413 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
4414 # <emphasis role="bold">rm afs.rc</emphasis>
4415 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /etc/init.d/afs afs.rc</emphasis>
4416 </programlisting></para>
4421 <primary>AFS filespace</primary>
4423 <secondary>configuring top levels</secondary>
4427 <primary>configuring</primary>
4429 <secondary>AFS filespace (top levels)</secondary>
4434 <sect1 id="HDRWQ80">
4435 <title>Configuring the Top Levels of the AFS Filespace</title>
4437 <para>If you have not previously run AFS in your cell, you now configure the top levels of your cell's AFS filespace. If you
4438 have run a previous version of AFS, the filespace is already configured. Proceed to <link linkend="HDRWQ83">Storing AFS Binaries
4439 in AFS</link>. <indexterm>
4440 <primary>root.cell volume</primary>
4442 <secondary>creating and replicating</secondary>
4443 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4444 <primary>volume</primary>
4446 <secondary>creating</secondary>
4448 <tertiary>root.cell</tertiary>
4449 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4450 <primary>creating</primary>
4452 <secondary>root.cell volume</secondary>
4455 <para>You created the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume in <link linkend="HDRWQ60">Starting the File Server,
4456 Volume Server, and Salvager</link>, and the Cache Manager mounted it automatically on the local <emphasis
4457 role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory when you ran the AFS initialization script in <link linkend="HDRWQ72">Verifying the AFS
4458 Initialization Script</link>. You now set the access control list (ACL) on the <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory;
4459 creating, mounting, and setting the ACL are the three steps required when creating any volume.</para>
4461 <para>After setting the ACL on the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume, you create your cell's <emphasis
4462 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume, mount it as a subdirectory of the <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory, and
4463 set the ACL. Create both a read/write and a regular mount point for the <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume. The
4464 read/write mount point enables you to access the read/write version of replicated volumes when necessary. Creating both mount
4465 points essentially creates separate read-only and read-write copies of your filespace, and enables the Cache Manager to traverse
4466 the filespace on a read-only path or read/write path as appropriate. For further discussion of these concepts, see the chapter
4467 in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about administering volumes. <indexterm>
4468 <primary>root.afs volume</primary>
4470 <secondary>replicating</secondary>
4471 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4472 <primary>volume</primary>
4474 <secondary>replicating root.afs and root.cell</secondary>
4475 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4476 <primary>replicating volumes</primary>
4479 <para>Then replicate both the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volumes.
4480 This is required if you want to replicate any other volumes in your cell, because all volumes mounted above a replicated volume
4481 must themselves be replicated in order for the Cache Manager to access the replica.</para>
4483 <para>When the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume is replicated, the Cache Manager is programmed to access its
4484 read-only version (<emphasis role="bold">root.afs.readonly</emphasis>) whenever possible. To make changes to the contents of the
4485 <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume (when, for example, you mount another cell's <emphasis
4486 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume at the second level in your filespace), you must mount the <emphasis
4487 role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume temporarily, make the changes, release the volume and remove the temporary mount point.
4488 For instructions, see <link linkend="HDRWQ91">Enabling Access to Foreign Cells</link>. <indexterm>
4489 <primary>fs commands</primary>
4491 <secondary>setacl</secondary>
4492 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4493 <primary>commands</primary>
4495 <secondary>fs setacl</secondary>
4496 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4497 <primary>access control list (ACL), setting</primary>
4498 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4499 <primary>setting</primary>
4501 <secondary>ACL</secondary>
4502 </indexterm> <orderedlist>
4504 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setacl</emphasis> command to edit the ACL on the <emphasis
4505 role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory. Add an entry that grants the <emphasis role="bold">l</emphasis> (<emphasis
4506 role="bold">lookup</emphasis>) and <emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis> (<emphasis role="bold">read</emphasis>) permissions
4507 to the <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group, to enable all AFS users who can reach your cell to traverse
4508 through the directory. If you prefer to enable access only to locally authenticated users, substitute the <emphasis
4509 role="bold">system:authuser</emphasis> group.</para>
4511 <para>Note that there is already an ACL entry that grants all seven access rights to the <emphasis
4512 role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group. It is a default entry that AFS places on every new volume's root
4515 <para>The top-level AFS directory, typically /afs, is a special case:
4516 when the client is configured to run in dynroot mode (e.g.
4517 <emphasis role="bold">afsd -dynroot</emphasis>, attempts to set
4518 the ACL on this directory will return <emphasis role="bold">
4519 Connection timed out</emphasis>. This is because the dynamically-
4520 generated root directory is not a part of the global AFS space,
4521 and cannot have an access control list set on it.</para>
4524 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs setacl /afs system:anyuser rl</emphasis>
4528 <primary>commands</primary>
4530 <secondary>vos create</secondary>
4532 <tertiary>root.cell volume</tertiary>
4536 <primary>vos commands</primary>
4538 <secondary>create</secondary>
4540 <tertiary>root.cell volume</tertiary>
4544 <primary>fs commands</primary>
4546 <secondary>mkmount</secondary>
4550 <primary>commands</primary>
4552 <secondary>fs mkmount</secondary>
4556 <primary>mount point</primary>
4560 <primary>creating</primary>
4562 <secondary>mount point</secondary>
4566 <primary>volume</primary>
4568 <secondary>mounting</secondary>
4572 <listitem id="LIWQ81">
4573 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> command to create the <emphasis
4574 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume. Then issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command to mount it as
4575 a subdirectory of the <emphasis role="bold">/afs</emphasis> directory, where it serves as the root of your cell's local
4576 AFS filespace. Finally, issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setacl</emphasis> command to create an ACL entry for the
4577 <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group (or <emphasis role="bold">system:authuser</emphasis> group).</para>
4579 <para>For the <replaceable>partition name</replaceable> argument, substitute the name of one of the machine's AFS server
4580 partitions (such as <emphasis role="bold">/vicepa</emphasis>). For the <replaceable>cellname</replaceable> argument,
4581 substitute your cell's fully-qualified Internet domain name (such as <emphasis role="bold">example.com</emphasis>).</para>
4584 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/vos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <emphasis
4585 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis>
4586 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs mkmount /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis>
4587 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs setacl /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser rl</emphasis>
4591 <primary>creating</primary>
4593 <secondary>symbolic link</secondary>
4595 <tertiary>for abbreviated cell name</tertiary>
4599 <primary>symbolic link</primary>
4601 <secondary>for abbreviated cell name</secondary>
4605 <primary>cell name</primary>
4607 <secondary>symbolic link for abbreviated</secondary>
4612 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> Create a symbolic link to a shortened cell name, to reduce the length of
4613 pathnames for users in the local cell. For example, in the <emphasis role="bold">example.com</emphasis> cell, <emphasis
4614 role="bold">/afs/example</emphasis> is a link to <emphasis role="bold">/afs/example.com</emphasis>. <programlisting>
4615 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /afs</emphasis>
4616 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s</emphasis> <replaceable>full_cellname</replaceable> <replaceable>short_cellname</replaceable>
4617 </programlisting> <indexterm>
4618 <primary>read/write mount point for root.afs volume</primary>
4619 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4620 <primary>root.afs volume</primary>
4622 <secondary>read/write mount point</secondary>
4623 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4624 <primary>creating</primary>
4626 <secondary>read/write mount point</secondary>
4631 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command to create a read/write mount point for the <emphasis
4632 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume (you created a regular mount point in Step <link
4633 linkend="LIWQ81">2</link>).</para>
4635 <para>By convention, the name of a read/write mount point begins with a period, both to distinguish it from the regular
4636 mount point and to make it visible only when the <emphasis role="bold">-a</emphasis> flag is used on the <emphasis
4637 role="bold">ls</emphasis> command.</para>
4639 <para>Change directory to <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis> to make it easier to access the command
4643 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/afs/bin</emphasis>
4644 # <emphasis role="bold">./fs mkmount /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">root.cell -rw</emphasis>
4648 <primary>commands</primary>
4650 <secondary>vos addsite</secondary>
4654 <primary>vos commands</primary>
4656 <secondary>addsite</secondary>
4660 <primary>volume</primary>
4662 <secondary>defining replication site</secondary>
4666 <primary>defining</primary>
4668 <secondary>replication site for volume</secondary>
4672 <listitem id="LIWQ82">
4673 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos addsite</emphasis> command to define a replication site
4674 for both the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volumes. In each
4675 case, substitute for the <replaceable>partition name</replaceable> argument the partition where the volume's read/write
4676 version resides. When you install additional file server machines, it is a good idea to create replication sites on them
4677 as well. <programlisting>
4678 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos addsite</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <emphasis
4679 role="bold">root.afs</emphasis>
4680 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos addsite</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <emphasis
4681 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis>
4682 </programlisting> <indexterm>
4683 <primary>fs commands</primary>
4685 <secondary>examine</secondary>
4686 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4687 <primary>commands</primary>
4689 <secondary>fs examine</secondary>
4694 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs examine</emphasis> command to verify that the Cache Manager can access both the
4695 <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volumes, before you attempt to
4696 replicate them. The output lists each volume's name, volumeID number, quota, size, and the size of the partition that
4697 houses them. If you get an error message instead, do not continue before taking corrective action. <programlisting>
4698 # <emphasis role="bold">./fs examine /afs</emphasis>
4699 # <emphasis role="bold">./fs examine /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>
4700 </programlisting> <indexterm>
4701 <primary>commands</primary>
4703 <secondary>vos release</secondary>
4704 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4705 <primary>vos commands</primary>
4707 <secondary>release</secondary>
4708 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4709 <primary>volume</primary>
4711 <secondary>releasing replicated</secondary>
4712 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4713 <primary>releasing replicated volume</primary>
4718 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos release</emphasis> command to release a replica of the <emphasis
4719 role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volumes to the sites you defined in Step
4720 <link linkend="LIWQ82">5</link>. <programlisting>
4721 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos release root.afs</emphasis>
4722 # <emphasis role="bold">./vos release root.cell</emphasis>
4723 </programlisting> <indexterm>
4724 <primary>fs commands</primary>
4726 <secondary>checkvolumes</secondary>
4727 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4728 <primary>commands</primary>
4730 <secondary>fs checkvolumes</secondary>
4735 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs checkvolumes</emphasis> to force the Cache Manager to notice that you have
4736 released read-only versions of the volumes, then issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs examine</emphasis> command again. This
4737 time its output mentions the read-only version of the volumes (<emphasis role="bold">root.afs.readonly</emphasis> and
4738 <emphasis role="bold">root.cell.readonly</emphasis>) instead of the read/write versions, because of the Cache Manager's
4739 bias to access the read-only version of the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume if it exists.
4741 # <emphasis role="bold">./fs checkvolumes</emphasis>
4742 # <emphasis role="bold">./fs examine /afs</emphasis>
4743 # <emphasis role="bold">./fs examine /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>
4744 </programlisting></para>
4746 </orderedlist></para>
4749 <primary>storing</primary>
4751 <secondary>AFS binaries in volumes</secondary>
4755 <primary>creating</primary>
4757 <secondary>volume</secondary>
4759 <tertiary>for AFS binaries</tertiary>
4763 <primary>volume</primary>
4765 <secondary>for AFS binaries</secondary>
4769 <primary>binaries</primary>
4771 <secondary>storing AFS in volume</secondary>
4775 <primary>usr/afsws directory</primary>
4779 <primary>directories</primary>
4781 <secondary>/usr/afsws</secondary>
4785 <sect1 id="HDRWQ83">
4786 <title>Storing AFS Binaries in AFS</title>
4788 <note><para>Sites with existing binary distribution mechanisms, including
4789 those which use packaging systems such as RPM, may wish to skip this step,
4790 and use tools native to their operating system to manage AFS configuration
4791 information.</para></note>
4793 <para>In the conventional configuration, you make AFS client binaries and configuration files available in the subdirectories of
4794 the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> directory on client machines (<emphasis role="bold">afsws</emphasis> is an
4795 acronym for <emphasis role="bold">AFS w</emphasis><emphasis>ork</emphasis><emphasis
4796 role="bold">s</emphasis><emphasis>tation</emphasis>). You can conserve local disk space by creating <emphasis
4797 role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> as a link to an AFS volume that houses the AFS client binaries and configuration files for
4798 this system type.</para>
4800 <para>In this section you create the necessary volumes. The conventional location to which to link <emphasis
4801 role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> is <emphasis role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
4802 role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis>, where
4803 <replaceable>sysname</replaceable> is the appropriate system type name as specified in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release
4804 Notes</emphasis>. The instructions in <link linkend="HDRWQ133">Installing Additional Client Machines</link> assume that you have
4805 followed the instructions in this section.</para>
4807 <para>If you have previously run AFS in the cell, the volumes possibly already exist. If so, you need to perform Step <link
4808 linkend="LIWQ86">8</link> only.</para>
4810 <para>The current working directory is still <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis>, which houses the <emphasis
4811 role="bold">fs</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">vos</emphasis> command suite binaries. In the following commands, it is
4812 possible you still need to specify the pathname to the commands, depending on how your PATH environment variable is set.
4815 <primary>commands</primary>
4817 <secondary>vos create</secondary>
4819 <tertiary>volume for AFS binaries</tertiary>
4823 <primary>vos commands</primary>
4825 <secondary>create</secondary>
4827 <tertiary>volume for AFS binaries</tertiary>
4830 <listitem id="LIWQ84">
4831 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> command to create volumes for storing
4832 the AFS client binaries for this system type. The following example instruction creates volumes called
4833 <replaceable>sysname</replaceable>, <replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr</emphasis>, and
4834 <replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.afsws</emphasis>. Refer to the <emphasis>OpenAFS Release
4835 Notes</emphasis> to learn the proper value of <replaceable>sysname</replaceable> for this system type. <programlisting>
4836 # <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <replaceable>sysname</replaceable>
4837 # <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
4838 role="bold">.usr</emphasis>
4839 # <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
4840 role="bold">.usr.afsws</emphasis>
4841 </programlisting></para>
4845 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command to mount the newly created volumes. Because the
4846 <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume is replicated, you must precede the <emphasis>cellname</emphasis> part
4847 of the pathname with a period to specify the read/write mount point, as shown. Then issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos
4848 release</emphasis> command to release a new replica of the <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume, and the
4849 <emphasis role="bold">fs checkvolumes</emphasis> command to force the local Cache Manager to access them. <programlisting>
4850 # <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount -dir /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable> <emphasis
4851 role="bold">-vol</emphasis> <replaceable>sysname</replaceable>
4852 # <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount -dir /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
4853 role="bold">/usr</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">-vol</emphasis> <replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
4854 role="bold">.usr</emphasis>
4855 # <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount -dir /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
4856 role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">-vol</emphasis> <replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
4857 role="bold">.usr.afsws</emphasis>
4858 # <emphasis role="bold">vos release root.cell</emphasis>
4859 # <emphasis role="bold">fs checkvolumes</emphasis>
4860 </programlisting></para>
4864 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setacl</emphasis> command to grant the <emphasis role="bold">l</emphasis>
4865 (<emphasis role="bold">lookup</emphasis>) and <emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis> (<emphasis role="bold">read</emphasis>)
4866 permissions to the <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group on each new directory's ACL. <programlisting>
4867 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>
4868 # <emphasis role="bold">fs setacl -dir . usr usr/afsws -acl system:anyuser rl</emphasis>
4869 </programlisting> <indexterm>
4870 <primary>commands</primary>
4872 <secondary>fs setquota</secondary>
4873 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4874 <primary>fs commands</primary>
4876 <secondary>setquota</secondary>
4877 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4878 <primary>quota for volume</primary>
4879 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4880 <primary>volume</primary>
4882 <secondary>setting quota</secondary>
4883 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4884 <primary>setting</primary>
4886 <secondary>volume quota</secondary>
4890 <listitem id="LIWQ85">
4891 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setquota</emphasis> command to set an unlimited quota on
4892 the volume mounted at the <emphasis role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
4893 role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> directory. This
4894 enables you to copy all of the appropriate files from the CD-ROM into the volume without exceeding the volume's
4897 <para>If you wish, you can set the volume's quota to a finite value after you complete the copying operation. At that
4898 point, use the <emphasis role="bold">vos examine</emphasis> command to determine how much space the volume is occupying.
4899 Then issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setquota</emphasis> command to set a quota that is slightly larger.</para>
4902 # <emphasis role="bold">fs setquota /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
4903 role="bold">/usr/afsws 0</emphasis>
4908 <para>Unpack the distribution tarball into the <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdist</emphasis> directory,
4909 if it is not already. <indexterm>
4910 <primary>copying</primary>
4912 <secondary>AFS binaries into volume</secondary>
4913 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4914 <primary>CD-ROM</primary>
4916 <secondary>copying AFS binaries into volume</secondary>
4917 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4918 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
4920 <secondary>copying</secondary>
4922 <tertiary>AFS binaries into volume</tertiary>
4927 <para>Copy the contents of the indicated directories from the
4928 distribution into the <emphasis
4929 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
4930 role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> directory.
4932 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
4933 role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis>
4934 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp /tmp/afsdist/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/bin .</emphasis>
4935 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp /tmp/afsdist/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/etc .</emphasis>
4936 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp /tmp/afsdist/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/include .</emphasis>
4937 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp /tmp/afsdist/</emphasis><replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/lib .</emphasis>
4940 <primary>creating</primary>
4942 <secondary>symbolic link</secondary>
4944 <tertiary>to AFS binaries</tertiary>
4945 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4946 <primary>symbolic link</primary>
4948 <secondary>to AFS binaries from local disk</secondary>
4952 <listitem id="LIWQ86">
4953 <para>Create <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis> on the local disk as a symbolic link to the
4954 directory <emphasis role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
4955 role="bold">/@sys/usr/afsws</emphasis>. You can specify the actual system name instead of <emphasis
4956 role="bold">@sys</emphasis> if you wish, but the advantage of using <emphasis role="bold">@sys</emphasis> is that it
4957 remains valid if you upgrade this machine to a different system type. <programlisting>
4958 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/@sys/usr/afsws /usr/afsws</emphasis>
4959 </programlisting> <indexterm>
4960 <primary>PATH environment variable for users</primary>
4961 </indexterm> <indexterm>
4962 <primary>variables</primary>
4964 <secondary>PATH, setting for users</secondary>
4969 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> To enable users to issue commands from the AFS suites (such as <emphasis
4970 role="bold">fs</emphasis>) without having to specify a pathname to their binaries, include the <emphasis
4971 role="bold">/usr/afsws/bin</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsws/etc</emphasis> directories in the PATH
4972 environment variable you define in each user's shell initialization file (such as <emphasis
4973 role="bold">.cshrc</emphasis>).</para>
4975 </orderedlist></para>
4978 <primary>storing</primary>
4980 <secondary>AFS documentation in volumes</secondary>
4984 <primary>creating</primary>
4986 <secondary>volume</secondary>
4988 <tertiary>for AFS documentation</tertiary>
4992 <primary>volume</primary>
4994 <secondary>for AFS documentation</secondary>
4998 <primary>documentation, creating volume for AFS</primary>
5002 <primary>usr/afsdoc directory</primary>
5006 <primary>directories</primary>
5008 <secondary>/usr/afsdoc</secondary>
5012 <sect1 id="HDRWQ87">
5013 <title>Storing AFS Documents in AFS</title>
5015 <para>The AFS distribution includes the following documents: <itemizedlist>
5017 <para><emphasis>OpenAFS Release Notes</emphasis></para>
5021 <para><emphasis>OpenAFS Quick Beginnings</emphasis></para>
5025 <para><emphasis>OpenAFS User Guide</emphasis></para>
5029 <para><emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Reference</emphasis></para>
5033 <para><emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis></para>
5035 </itemizedlist></para>
5037 <note><para>OpenAFS Documentation is not currently provided with all
5038 distributions, but may be downloaded separately from the OpenAFS
5039 website</para></note>
5041 <para>The OpenAFS Documentation Distribution has a directory for each
5042 document format provided. The different formats are suitable for online
5043 viewing, printing, or both.</para>
5045 <para>This section explains how to create and mount a volume to house the documents, making them available to your users. The
5046 recommended mount point for the volume is <emphasis role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
5047 role="bold">/afsdoc</emphasis>. If you wish, you can create a link to the mount point on each client machine's local disk,
5048 called <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsdoc</emphasis>. Alternatively, you can create a link to the mount point in each user's home
5049 directory. You can also choose to permit users to access only certain documents (most probably, the <emphasis>OpenAFS User
5050 Guide</emphasis>) by creating different mount points or setting different ACLs on different document directories.</para>
5052 <para>The current working directory is still <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis>, which houses the <emphasis
5053 role="bold">fs</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">vos</emphasis> command suite binaries you use to create and mount volumes.
5054 In the following commands, it is possible you still need to specify the pathname to the commands, depending on how your PATH
5055 environment variable is set. <orderedlist>
5057 <primary>commands</primary>
5059 <secondary>vos create</secondary>
5061 <tertiary>volume for AFS documentation</tertiary>
5065 <primary>vos commands</primary>
5067 <secondary>create</secondary>
5069 <tertiary>volume for AFS documentation</tertiary>
5073 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> command to create a volume for storing the AFS documentation.
5074 Include the <emphasis role="bold">-maxquota</emphasis> argument to set an unlimited quota on the volume. This enables you
5075 to copy all of the appropriate files from the CD-ROM into the volume without exceeding the volume's quota.</para>
5077 <para>If you wish, you can set the volume's quota to a finite value after you complete the copying operations. At that
5078 point, use the <emphasis role="bold">vos examine</emphasis> command to determine how much space the volume is occupying.
5079 Then issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setquota</emphasis> command to set a quota that is slightly larger.</para>
5082 # <emphasis role="bold">vos create</emphasis> <<replaceable>machine name</replaceable>> <<replaceable>partition name</replaceable>> <emphasis
5083 role="bold">afsdoc -maxquota 0</emphasis>
5088 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command to mount the new volume. Because the <emphasis
5089 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume is replicated, you must precede the <emphasis>cellname</emphasis> with a period to
5090 specify the read/write mount point, as shown. Then issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos release</emphasis> command to
5091 release a new replica of the <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume, and the <emphasis role="bold">fs
5092 checkvolumes</emphasis> command to force the local Cache Manager to access them. <programlisting>
5093 # <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount -dir /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/afsdoc</emphasis> <emphasis
5094 role="bold">-vol</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">afsdoc</emphasis>
5095 # <emphasis role="bold">vos release root.cell</emphasis>
5096 # <emphasis role="bold">fs checkvolumes</emphasis>
5097 </programlisting></para>
5101 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs setacl</emphasis> command to grant the <emphasis role="bold">rl</emphasis>
5102 permissions to the <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group on the new directory's ACL. <programlisting>
5103 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/afsdoc</emphasis>
5104 # <emphasis role="bold">fs setacl . system:anyuser rl</emphasis>
5105 </programlisting></para>
5109 <para>Unpack the OpenAFS documentation distribution into the
5110 <emphasis role="bold">/tmp/afsdocs</emphasis> directory. You may use
5111 a different directory, in which case the location you use should be
5112 subsituted in the following examples. For instructions on unpacking
5113 the distribution, consult the documentation for your operating
5114 system's <emphasis role="bold">tar</emphasis> command.
5116 <primary>copying</primary>
5118 <secondary>AFS documentation from distribution</secondary>
5119 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5120 <primary>OpenAFS Distribution</primary>
5122 <secondary>copying AFS documentation from</secondary>
5123 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5124 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
5126 <secondary>copying</secondary>
5128 <tertiary>AFS documentation from OpenAFS distribution</tertiary>
5129 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5130 <primary>index.htm file</primary>
5131 </indexterm> <indexterm>
5132 <primary>files</primary>
5134 <secondary>index.htm</secondary>
5139 <para>Copy the AFS documents in one or more formats from the unpacked distribution into subdirectories of the <emphasis
5140 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/afsdoc</emphasis> directory. Repeat
5141 the commands for each format. <programlisting>
5142 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir</emphasis> <replaceable>format_name</replaceable>
5143 # <emphasis role="bold">cd</emphasis> <replaceable>format_name</replaceable>
5144 # <emphasis role="bold">cp -rp /tmp/afsdocs/</emphasis><replaceable>format</replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">.</emphasis>
5145 </programlisting></para>
5147 <para>If you choose to store the HTML version of the documents in AFS, note that in addition to a subdirectory for each
5148 document there are several files with a <emphasis role="bold">.gif</emphasis> extension, which enable readers to move
5149 easily between sections of a document. The file called <emphasis role="bold">index.htm</emphasis> is an introductory HTML
5150 page that contains a hyperlink to each of the documents. For online viewing to work properly, these files must remain in
5151 the top-level HTML directory (the one named, for example, <emphasis
5152 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/afsdoc/html</emphasis>).</para>
5156 <para><emphasis role="bold">(Optional)</emphasis> If you believe it is helpful to your users to access the AFS documents
5157 in a certain format via a local disk directory, create <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afsdoc</emphasis> on the local disk as a
5158 symbolic link to the documentation directory in AFS (<emphasis
5159 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
5160 role="bold">/afsdoc/</emphasis><replaceable>format_name</replaceable>). <programlisting>
5161 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">/afsdoc/</emphasis><replaceable>format_name</replaceable> <emphasis
5162 role="bold">/usr/afsdoc</emphasis>
5163 </programlisting></para>
5165 <para>An alternative is to create a link in each user's home directory to the <emphasis
5166 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
5167 role="bold">/afsdoc/</emphasis><replaceable>format_name</replaceable> directory.</para>
5169 </orderedlist></para>
5172 <primary>storing</primary>
5174 <secondary>system binaries in volumes</secondary>
5178 <primary>creating</primary>
5180 <secondary>volume</secondary>
5182 <tertiary>for system binaries</tertiary>
5186 <primary>volume</primary>
5188 <secondary>for system binaries</secondary>
5192 <primary>binaries</primary>
5194 <secondary>storing system in volumes</secondary>
5198 <sect1 id="HDRWQ88">
5199 <title>Storing System Binaries in AFS</title>
5201 <para>You can also choose to store other system binaries in AFS volumes, such as the standard UNIX programs conventionally
5202 located in local disk directories such as <emphasis role="bold">/etc</emphasis>, <emphasis role="bold">/bin</emphasis>, and
5203 <emphasis role="bold">/lib</emphasis>. Storing such binaries in an AFS volume not only frees local disk space, but makes it
5204 easier to update binaries on all client machines.</para>
5206 <para>The following is a suggested scheme for storing system binaries in AFS. It does not include instructions, but you can use
5207 the instructions in <link linkend="HDRWQ83">Storing AFS Binaries in AFS</link> (which are for AFS-specific binaries) as a
5210 <para>Some files must remain on the local disk for use when AFS is inaccessible (during bootup and file server or network
5211 outages). The required binaries include the following: <itemizedlist>
5213 <para>A text editor, network commands, and so on</para>
5217 <para>Files used during the boot sequence before the <emphasis role="bold">afsd</emphasis> program runs, such as
5218 initialization and configuration files, and binaries for commands that mount file systems</para>
5222 <para>Files used by dynamic kernel loader programs</para>
5224 </itemizedlist></para>
5226 <para>In most cases, it is more secure to enable only locally authenticated users to access system binaries, by granting the
5227 <emphasis role="bold">l</emphasis> (<emphasis role="bold">lookup</emphasis>) and <emphasis role="bold">r</emphasis> (<emphasis
5228 role="bold">read</emphasis>) permissions to the <emphasis role="bold">system:authuser</emphasis> group on the ACLs of
5229 directories that contain the binaries. If users need to access a binary while unauthenticated, however, the ACL on its directory
5230 must grant those permissions to the <emphasis role="bold">system:anyuser</emphasis> group.</para>
5232 <para>The following chart summarizes the suggested volume and mount point names for storing system binaries. It uses a separate
5233 volume for each directory. You already created a volume called <replaceable>sysname</replaceable> for this machine's system type
5234 when you followed the instructions in <link linkend="HDRWQ83">Storing AFS Binaries in AFS</link>.</para>
5236 <para>You can name volumes in any way you wish, and mount them at other locations than those suggested here. However, this
5237 scheme has several advantages: <itemizedlist>
5239 <para>Volume names clearly identify volume contents</para>
5243 <para>Using the <replaceable>sysname</replaceable> prefix on every volume makes it is easy to back up all of the volumes
5244 together, because the AFS Backup System enables you to define sets of volumes based on a string included in all of their
5249 <para>It makes it easy to track related volumes, keeping them together on the same file server machine if desired</para>
5253 <para>There is a clear relationship between volume name and mount point name</para>
5255 </itemizedlist></para>
5257 <informaltable frame="none">
5259 <colspec colwidth="50*" />
5261 <colspec colwidth="50*" />
5265 <entry><emphasis role="bold">Volume Name</emphasis></entry>
5267 <entry><emphasis role="bold">Mount Point</emphasis></entry>
5273 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable></entry>
5276 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable></entry>
5280 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">bin</emphasis></entry>
5283 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5284 role="bold">/bin</emphasis></entry>
5288 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">etc</emphasis></entry>
5291 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5292 role="bold">/etc</emphasis></entry>
5296 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr</emphasis></entry>
5299 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5300 role="bold">/usr</emphasis></entry>
5304 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.afsws</emphasis></entry>
5307 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5308 role="bold">/usr/afsws</emphasis></entry>
5312 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.bin</emphasis></entry>
5315 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5316 role="bold">/usr/bin</emphasis></entry>
5320 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.etc</emphasis></entry>
5323 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5324 role="bold">/usr/etc</emphasis></entry>
5328 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.inc</emphasis></entry>
5331 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5332 role="bold">/usr/include</emphasis></entry>
5336 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.lib</emphasis></entry>
5339 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5340 role="bold">/usr/lib</emphasis></entry>
5344 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.loc</emphasis></entry>
5347 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5348 role="bold">/usr/local</emphasis></entry>
5352 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.man</emphasis></entry>
5355 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5356 role="bold">/usr/man</emphasis></entry>
5360 <entry><replaceable>sysname</replaceable>.<emphasis role="bold">usr.sys</emphasis></entry>
5363 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>/<replaceable>sysname</replaceable><emphasis
5364 role="bold">/usr/sys</emphasis></entry>
5371 <primary>foreign cell, enabling access</primary>
5375 <primary>cell</primary>
5377 <secondary>enabling access to foreign</secondary>
5381 <primary>access</primary>
5383 <secondary>to local and foreign cells</secondary>
5387 <primary>AFS filespace</primary>
5389 <secondary>enabling access to foreign cells</secondary>
5393 <primary>root.cell volume</primary>
5395 <secondary>mounting for foreign cells in local filespace</secondary>
5399 <primary>database server machine</primary>
5401 <secondary>entry in client CellServDB file</secondary>
5403 <tertiary>for foreign cell</tertiary>
5407 <primary>CellServDB file (client)</primary>
5409 <secondary>adding entry</secondary>
5411 <tertiary>for foreign cell</tertiary>
5415 <sect1 id="HDRWQ91">
5416 <title>Enabling Access to Foreign Cells</title>
5418 <para>With current OpenAFS releases, there exist a number of mechanisms for
5419 providing access to foreign cells. You may add mount points in your AFS
5420 filespace for each foreign cell you wish users to access, or you can
5421 enable a 'synthetic' AFS root, which contains mountpoints for either all
5422 AFS cells defined in the client machine's local
5423 <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis>, or for all cells
5424 providing location information in the DNS.
5428 <title>Enabling a Synthetic AFS root</title>
5430 <para>When a synthetic root is enabled, the client cache machine creates its
5431 own root.afs volume, rather than using the one provided with your cell. This
5432 allows clients to access all cells in the
5433 <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file and, optionally, all cells
5434 registered in the DNS, without requiring system administrator action to
5435 enable this access. Using a synthetic root has the additional advantage that
5436 it allows a client to start its AFS service without a network available, as
5437 it is no longer necessary to contact a fileserver to obtain the root volume.
5440 <para>OpenAFS supports two complimentary mechanisms for creating the
5441 synthetic root. Starting the cache manager with the
5442 <emphasis role="bold">-dynroot</emphasis> option adds all cells listed
5443 in <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> to the client's
5444 AFS root. Adding the <emphasis role="bold">-afsdb</emphasis> option in
5445 addition to this enables DNS lookups for any cells that are not found in
5446 the client's CellServDB file. Both of these options are added to the AFS
5447 initialisation script, or options file, as detailed in
5448 <link linkend="HDRWQ70">Configuring the Cache Manager</link>.</para>
5451 <title>Adding foreign cells to a conventional root volume</title>
5453 <para>In this section you create a mount point in your AFS filespace for the <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume
5454 of each foreign cell that you want to enable your users to access. For users working on a client machine to access the cell,
5455 there must in addition be an entry for it in the client machine's local <emphasis
5456 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> file. (The instructions in <link linkend="HDRWQ66">Creating the Client
5457 CellServDB File</link> suggest that you use the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB.sample</emphasis> file included in the AFS
5458 distribution as the basis for your cell's client <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file. The sample file lists all of
5459 the cells that had agreed to participate in the AFS global namespace at the time your AFS CD-ROM was created. As mentioned in
5460 that section, the AFS Product Support group also maintains a copy of the file, updating it as necessary.)</para>
5462 <para>The chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS Administration Guide</emphasis> about cell administration and configuration issues
5463 discusses the implications of participating in the global AFS namespace. The chapter about administering client machines
5464 explains how to maintain knowledge of foreign cells on client machines, and includes suggestions for maintaining a central
5465 version of the file in AFS. <orderedlist>
5467 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command to mount each foreign cell's <emphasis
5468 role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume on a directory called <emphasis
5469 role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>foreign_cell</replaceable>. Because the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis>
5470 volume is replicated, you must create a temporary mount point for its read/write version in a directory to which you have
5471 write access (such as your cell's <emphasis role="bold">/afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable> directory).
5472 Create the mount points, issue the <emphasis role="bold">vos release</emphasis> command to release new replicas to the
5473 read-only sites for the <emphasis role="bold">root.afs</emphasis> volume, and issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs
5474 checkvolumes</emphasis> command to force the local Cache Manager to access the new replica.</para>
5477 <para>You need to issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command only once for each foreign cell's
5478 <emphasis role="bold">root.cell</emphasis> volume. You do not need to repeat the command on each client machine.</para>
5481 <para>Substitute your cell's name for <replaceable>cellname</replaceable>.</para>
5484 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /afs/.</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable>
5485 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs mkmount temp root.afs</emphasis>
5488 <para>Repeat the <emphasis role="bold">fs mkmount</emphasis> command for each foreign cell you wish to mount at this
5492 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs mkmount temp/</emphasis><replaceable>foreign_cell</replaceable> <emphasis role="bold">root.cell -c</emphasis> <replaceable>foreign_cell</replaceable>
5495 <para>Issue the following commands only once.</para>
5498 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs rmmount temp</emphasis>
5499 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/vos release root.afs</emphasis>
5500 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs checkvolumes</emphasis>
5504 <primary>fs commands</primary>
5506 <secondary>newcell</secondary>
5510 <primary>commands</primary>
5512 <secondary>fs newcell</secondary>
5516 <listitem id="LIWQ92">
5517 <para>If this machine is going to remain an AFS client after you complete the installation, verify
5518 that the local <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> file includes an entry for each foreign
5521 <para>For each cell that does not already have an entry, complete the following instructions: <orderedlist>
5523 <para>Create an entry in the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file. Be sure to comply with the formatting
5524 instructions in <link linkend="HDRWQ66">Creating the Client CellServDB File</link>.</para>
5528 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">fs newcell</emphasis> command to add an entry for the cell directly to the
5529 list that the Cache Manager maintains in kernel memory. Provide each database server machine's fully qualified
5530 hostname. <programlisting>
5531 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/fs newcell</emphasis> <<replaceable>foreign_cell</replaceable>> <<replaceable>dbserver1></replaceable> \
5532 [<<replaceable>dbserver2></replaceable>] [<<replaceable>dbserver3></replaceable>]
5533 </programlisting></para>
5537 <para>If you plan to maintain a central version of the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> file (the
5538 conventional location is <emphasis role="bold">/afs/</emphasis><replaceable>cellname</replaceable><emphasis
5539 role="bold">/common/etc/CellServDB</emphasis>), create it now as a copy of the local <emphasis
5540 role="bold">/usr/vice/etc/CellServDB</emphasis> file. Verify that it includes an entry for each foreign cell you
5541 want your users to be able to access. <programlisting>
5542 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir common</emphasis>
5543 # <emphasis role="bold">mkdir common/etc</emphasis>
5544 # <emphasis role="bold">cp /usr/vice/etc/CellServDB common/etc</emphasis>
5545 # <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin/vos release root.cell</emphasis>
5546 </programlisting></para>
5548 </orderedlist></para>
5552 <para>Issue the <emphasis role="bold">ls</emphasis> command to verify that the new cell's mount point is visible in your
5553 filespace. The output lists the directories at the top level of the new cell's AFS filespace. <programlisting>
5554 # <emphasis role="bold">ls /afs/</emphasis><replaceable>foreign_cell</replaceable>
5555 </programlisting></para>
5559 <para>If you wish to participate in the global AFS namespace, and only
5560 intend running one database server, please
5561 register your cell with grand.central.org at this time.
5562 To do so, email the <emphasis role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> fragment
5563 describing your cell, together with a contact name and email address
5564 for any queries, to cellservdb@grand.central.org. If you intend
5565 on deploying multiple database servers, please wait until you have
5566 installed all of them before registering your cell.</para>
5569 <para>If you wish to allow your cell to be located through DNS lookups,
5570 at this time you should also add the necessary configuration to your
5573 <para>AFS database servers may be located by creating AFSDB records
5574 in the DNS for the domain name corresponding to the name of your cell.
5575 It's outside the scope of this guide to give an indepth description of
5576 managing, or configuring, your site's DNS. You should consult the
5577 documentation for your DNS server for further details on AFSDB
5580 </orderedlist></para>
5584 <sect1 id="HDRWQ93">
5585 <title>Improving Cell Security</title>
5588 <primary>cell</primary>
5590 <secondary>improving security</secondary>
5594 <primary>security</primary>
5596 <secondary>improving</secondary>
5600 <primary>root superuser</primary>
5602 <secondary>controlling access</secondary>
5606 <primary>access</primary>
5608 <secondary>to root and admin accounts</secondary>
5612 <primary>admin account</primary>
5614 <secondary>controlling access to</secondary>
5618 <primary>AFS filespace</primary>
5620 <secondary>controlling access by root superuser</secondary>
5623 <para>This section discusses ways to improve the security of AFS data
5624 in your cell. Also see the chapter in the <emphasis>OpenAFS
5625 Administration Guide</emphasis> about configuration and administration
5628 <sect2 id="HDRWQ94">
5629 <title>Controlling root Access</title>
5631 <para>As on any machine, it is important to prevent unauthorized users from logging onto an AFS server or client machine as
5632 the local superuser <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>. Take care to keep the <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis>
5633 password secret.</para>
5635 <para>The local <emphasis role="bold">root</emphasis> superuser does not have special access to AFS data through the Cache
5636 Manager (as members of the <emphasis role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group do), but it does have the following
5637 privileges: <itemizedlist>
5639 <para>On client machines, the ability to issue commands from the <emphasis role="bold">fs</emphasis> suite that affect
5640 AFS performance</para>
5644 <para>On server machines, the ability to disable authorization checking, or to install rogue process binaries</para>
5646 </itemizedlist></para>
5649 <sect2 id="HDRWQ95">
5650 <title>Controlling System Administrator Access</title>
5652 <para>Following are suggestions for managing AFS administrative privilege: <itemizedlist>
5654 <para>Create an administrative account for each administrator named
5656 <replaceable>username</replaceable><emphasis role="bold">.admin</emphasis>.
5657 Administrators authenticate under these identities only when
5658 performing administrative tasks, and destroy the administrative
5659 tokens immediately after finishing the task (either by issuing the
5660 <emphasis role="bold">unlog</emphasis> command, or the
5661 <emphasis role="bold">kinit</emphasis> and
5662 <emphasis role="bold">aklog</emphasis> commands to adopt their
5663 regular identity).</para>
5667 <para>Set a short ticket lifetime for administrator accounts (for example, 20 minutes) by using the
5668 facilities of your KDC. For instance, with a MIT Kerberos KDC, this
5669 can be performed using the
5670 <emphasis role="bold">--max-ticket-life</emphasis> argument to
5671 the <emphasis role="bold">kadmin modify_principal</emphasis>
5672 command. Do not however, use a short lifetime for users
5673 who issue long-running <emphasis role="bold">backup</emphasis> commands.</para>
5677 <para>Limit the number of system administrators in your cell, especially those who belong to the <emphasis
5678 role="bold">system:administrators</emphasis> group. By default they have all ACL rights on all directories in the local
5679 AFS filespace, and therefore must be trusted not to examine private files.</para>
5683 <para>Limit the use of system administrator accounts on machines in public areas. It is especially important not to
5684 leave such machines unattended without first destroying the administrative tokens.</para>
5688 <para>Limit the use by administrators of standard UNIX commands that make connections to remote machines (such as the
5689 <emphasis role="bold">telnet</emphasis> utility). Many of these programs send passwords across the network without
5690 encrypting them.</para>
5692 </itemizedlist></para>
5695 <primary>BOS Server</primary>
5697 <secondary>checking mode bits on AFS directories</secondary>
5701 <primary>mode bits on local AFS directories</primary>
5705 <primary>UNIX mode bits on local AFS directories</primary>
5709 <sect2 id="HDRWQ96">
5710 <title>Protecting Sensitive AFS Directories</title>
5712 <para>Some subdirectories of the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs</emphasis> directory contain files crucial to cell security.
5713 Unauthorized users must not read or write to these files because of the potential for misuse of the information they
5716 <para>As the BOS Server initializes for the first time on a server machine, it creates several files and directories (as
5717 mentioned in <link linkend="HDRWQ50">Starting the BOS Server</link>). It sets their owner to the local superuser <emphasis
5718 role="bold">root</emphasis> and sets their mode bits to enable writing by the owner only; in some cases, it also restricts
5721 <para>At each subsequent restart, the BOS Server checks that the owner and mode bits on these files are still set
5722 appropriately. If they are not, it write the following message to the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/logs/BosLog</emphasis>
5726 Bosserver reports inappropriate access on server directories
5729 <para>The BOS Server does not reset the mode bits, which enables you to set alternate values if you wish.</para>
5731 <para>The following charts lists the expected mode bit settings. A question mark indicates that the BOS Server does not check
5732 that mode bit.</para>
5734 <informaltable frame="none">
5736 <colspec colwidth="30*" />
5738 <colspec colwidth="70*" />
5742 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs</emphasis></entry>
5744 <entry><computeroutput>drwxr</computeroutput>?<computeroutput>xr-x</computeroutput></entry>
5748 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/backup</emphasis></entry>
5750 <entry><computeroutput>drwx</computeroutput>???<computeroutput>---</computeroutput></entry>
5754 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/bin</emphasis></entry>
5756 <entry><computeroutput>drwxr</computeroutput>?<computeroutput>xr-x</computeroutput></entry>
5760 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/db</emphasis></entry>
5762 <entry><computeroutput>drwx</computeroutput>???<computeroutput>---</computeroutput></entry>
5766 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis></entry>
5768 <entry><computeroutput>drwxr</computeroutput>?<computeroutput>xr-x</computeroutput></entry>
5772 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/KeyFile</emphasis></entry>
5774 <entry><computeroutput>-rw</computeroutput>????<computeroutput>---</computeroutput></entry>
5778 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc/UserList</emphasis></entry>
5780 <entry><computeroutput>-rw</computeroutput>?????<computeroutput>--</computeroutput></entry>
5784 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/local</emphasis></entry>
5786 <entry><computeroutput>drwx</computeroutput>???<computeroutput>---</computeroutput></entry>
5790 <entry><emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/logs</emphasis></entry>
5792 <entry><computeroutput>drwxr</computeroutput>?<computeroutput>xr-x</computeroutput></entry>
5799 <primary>first AFS machine</primary>
5801 <secondary>client functionality</secondary>
5803 <tertiary>removing</tertiary>
5807 <primary>removing</primary>
5809 <secondary>client functionality from first AFS machine</secondary>
5814 <sect1 id="HDRWQ98">
5815 <title>Removing Client Functionality</title>
5817 <para>Follow the instructions in this section only if you do not wish this machine to remain an AFS client. Removing client
5818 functionality means that you cannot use this machine to access AFS files. <orderedlist>
5820 <para>Remove the files from the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/vice/etc</emphasis> directory. The command does not remove the
5821 directory for files used by the dynamic kernel loader program, if it exists on this system type. Those files are still
5822 needed on a server-only machine. <programlisting>
5823 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /usr/vice/etc</emphasis>
5824 # <emphasis role="bold">rm *</emphasis>
5825 # <emphasis role="bold">rm -rf C</emphasis>
5826 </programlisting></para>
5830 <para>Create symbolic links to the <emphasis role="bold">ThisCell</emphasis> and <emphasis
5831 role="bold">CellServDB</emphasis> files in the <emphasis role="bold">/usr/afs/etc</emphasis> directory. This makes it
5832 possible to issue commands from the AFS command suites (such as <emphasis role="bold">bos</emphasis> and <emphasis
5833 role="bold">fs</emphasis>) on this machine. <programlisting>
5834 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/afs/etc/ThisCell ThisCell</emphasis>
5835 # <emphasis role="bold">ln -s /usr/afs/etc/CellServDB CellServDB</emphasis>
5836 </programlisting></para>
5840 <para>On IRIX systems, issue the <emphasis role="bold">chkconfig</emphasis> command to deactivate the <emphasis
5841 role="bold">afsclient</emphasis> configuration variable. <programlisting>
5842 # <emphasis role="bold">/etc/chkconfig -f afsclient off</emphasis>
5843 </programlisting></para>
5847 <para>Reboot the machine. Most system types use the <emphasis role="bold">shutdown</emphasis> command, but the appropriate
5848 options vary. <programlisting>
5849 # <emphasis role="bold">cd /</emphasis>
5850 # <emphasis role="bold">shutdown</emphasis> <replaceable>appropriate_options</replaceable>
5851 </programlisting></para>
5853 </orderedlist></para>